chapter 13

Question 1

what can labeling do with personality disorders?

Answer 1

can distract from trying to understand the individual with the diagnosis
knowing what characteristics and behaviours tend to go together
necessary for describing clients for research purposes and discussing disorders with precision

Question 2

what is a normal personality?

Answer 2

having adaptive solutions to life tasks

Question 3

what are the 3 life tasks according to Livesely and colleagues?

Answer 3

1. to form stable, integrated and coherent representations of self and others
2. to develop capacity for intimacy
3. to engage in pro-social and cooperative behaviours

Question 4

what is the criteria for distinguishing normal vs disorders personalities according to Miltion’s perspective?

Answer 4

rigid and inflexible
self defeating, vicious cycle that perpetuate troubled ways of thinking and behaving
structural instability fragility “cracking” under stress

Question 5

Personality Disorder - Normal:

Answer 5

not a sharp dividing line
normal traits associated with range of psychopathologies
having mild degree of few characteristics doesn’t imply having disorder

Question 6

Personality Disorder - Abnormal:

Answer 6

disorders may thought of as exaggerated versions of traits that are advantageous when in normal range
unusual, original and creative - schizotypal
self confident and proud - narcissistic

Question 7

what are the characteristics and prevalence of personality disorders

Answer 7

extreme inflexible personality traits
cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning
onset occurs in adolescence or early adulthood
stable over long period of time
not due to mood or physical illness

Question 8

paranoid personality disorder

Answer 8

suspicious of other
elect to be mistreated to exploited by other
reluctant to confide in others
tend to blame others
can be extremely jealous
prevalence: occurs most frequently in men

Question 9

what is the differential diagnosis and comorbidity of paranoid personality disorder?

Answer 9

hallucinations and full blown delusions are nor present
less impairment in social and occupational functioning than paranoid schizophrenia

Question 10

what is schizoid personality disorder?

Answer 10

no desire for or enjoyment of social relationships
appear dull, bland and aloof
rarely report strong emotions
have little other no interest in sex
experience few pleasurable activities
indifferent to praise and criticism
loners with solitary interests

Question 11

what is the prevalence and comorbidity in schizoid personality disorder?

Answer 11

prevalence <1%
slightly more common in men
comorbid either schizotypal, avoidant and paranoid personality disorders

Question 12

what is schizotypal personality disorder?

Answer 12

eccentric behaviour and appearance
similar interpersonal difficulties of schizoid personality

Question 13

what is a key schizotypal features?

Answer 13

eccentric thinking
odd beliefs or magical thinking
recurrent illusions
odd speech
ideas of reference
suspiciousness
paranoid idealtion

Question 14

what is the prevalence of schizotypal personality disorder?

Answer 14

about 3%
slightly more frequent among men than women
comorbidity is higher than any other personality disorder
comorbid with borderline, avoidant and paranoid personality disorder

Question 15

what is the etiology of the odd/ eccentric cluster?

Answer 15

based upon family study research
possible genetic links to schizophrenia
could be linked to history of PTSD and childhood maltreatment

Question 16

what is Lorna Smith Benjamin’s take on personality disorders?

Answer 16

arise from disruptions in the attachment bond
1. copy inward
2. copy outward
3. complementary copy

Question 17

what is an inward copy?

Answer 17

person does to themselves what others did to them when the person was a child

Question 18

what is a copy outward?

Answer 18

person foes to others what others did to them as a child

Question 19

what is a complementary copy?

Answer 19

person does what it takes to neutralize to undo the harmful effect of way that person was treated as a child

Question 20

what is narcissistic personality disorder?

Answer 20

extreme pattern of arrogant, exploitative, entitled and damaging behaviour combined with notable lack of empathy
belief that one is superior even against evidence
expect and needs admiration from others

Question 21

what are characteristics of narcissistic personality disorders?

Answer 21

lack of empathy and compassion for others
associated with other oriented perfectionism
expects special treatment and feels entitled
difficult to treat

Question 22

who are some examples of sever narcissists?

Answer 22

hitler
mussolini
stalin

Question 23

what is pathological narcissism?

Answer 23

7 components of pathological narcissism
4 factors assess narcissistic grandiosity
- three factors assess narcissistic vulnerability
- dark triad of narcissism
addition of dimension added: sadism

Question 24

what does the dark triad consist of?

Answer 24

combination of narcissism, psychopathy and Machiavellianism

Question 25

what is narcissistic rage?

Answer 25

often involves a response to criticism (justified or minor, actual or imagined) triggered when someone feels they have been made to look foolish to someone else disproportionate response to situation

Question 26

what is an explanation for narcissistic rage?

Answer 26

person's image of themselves as being superior is defence that use to deal either underlying feelings of inadequacy criticism challenges this false image

Question 27

what is the prevalence and comorbidity of narcissistic personality disorder?

Answer 27

<1% but may be considerably higher comorbid with BPD

Question 28

what is the etiology of narcissistic personality disorder?

Answer 28

immature grandiosity and dependent over idealization of others - failure to develop healthy self esteem product of our times and system of values?

Question 29

what is antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 29

2 main components in DSM 5 conduct disorder present before age 15 pattern f anti social behaviour that continues Ito adult hood irresponsible and anti social behaviour likely to work only inconsistency break laws physically aggressive

Question 30

what is the comordity and prevalence of antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 30

comorbid with substance use 1%-4% of general population

Question 31

what is psychopathy?

Answer 31

related to antisocial personality disorder but emphasizes psychological not just behavioural aspects lack of remorse, no sense of shame superficially charming manipulates others for own personal gain exploits people thrill seeking

Question 32

who has psychopathy?

Answer 32

20% of people with APD sure higher on the Hare psychopath checklist 75-80% of convicted felons meet criteria for APD 15-25% of convicted felons meet criteria for psychopathy

Question 33

what is the etiology of APD and psychopathy?

Answer 33

childhood roots of psychopathy PCL-R distinguishes psychopathic children and youth from those without psychopathy psychopathic personality in adolescence predicts antisocial behaviour in adulthood

Question 34

what is the Hare psychopathy checklist revised (PCL-R) and psychopathy?

Answer 34

20 item scale, max score = 40 record review, info from others who know the patent 1% incidence in general pop, 15-25% in prison 10-15% "almost" psychopathic lack empathy, grandiose fearless lack of fear about social and physical situations surface charm

Question 35

what is the etiology of APD and psychopathy - Family Role?

Answer 35

lack of affection severe parental rejection physical abuse inconsistencies in disciplining failure to teach kid responsibility towards others

Question 36

what are the limitations to research findings on family role in APS and psychopathy?

Answer 36

harsh or inconsistent disciplinary practices could be reactions of child'r anti social behaviour many individuals who come from disturbed backgrounds don't become psychopaths

Question 37

what is the etiology of ADP and psychopathy?

Answer 37

genetic correlates of ADP criminality and APD have heritable components higher concordance for MZ compared to DZ twins pairs

Question 38

what are the enviornmental influences of ADP and psychopathy?

Answer 38

high parental conflict and high negativity low parental warmth prefect antisocial behaviours families without antisocial tendencies may become harsh in their disciplining in reaction to the child with antisocial tendencies