chapter 6

Question 1

what is the prevalence of OCD?

Answer 1

affects women and men equally
typical age of onset around
late onset very rare

Question 2

what are obsessions?

Answer 2

intrusive and recurring thought, impulses and images

Question 3

what forms can obsessions take?

Answer 3

extreme doubt, procrastination and indecision

Question 4

what is a violent obsession?

Answer 4

though or image of using knife at dinner to stab someone near by

Question 5

what are examples of obsessions?

Answer 5

sexual obsessions (grating someones privates)
religious obsessions (often sexual content)
symmetry

Question 6

what are compulsions?

Answer 6

repetitive behaviours/mental acts that person feels driven to preform to reduce distress
its excessive

Question 7

what makes compulsions worse?

Answer 7

three multipliers:
1. sense of personal responsibility
2. probability of harm if checking doesn’t take place
3. predicted seriousness of harm

Question 8

what is the ethology of OCD (behavioural and cognitive theories)

Answer 8

inability to remember actions accurately, distinguish btw actual behaviour and imagined one

Question 9

what are possible defects of OCD (behavioural and cognitive theory)?

Answer 9

defects in prospective memory (remembering to remember) and non-verbal memory

Question 10

what is the Rachman’s theory of obsessions in OCD?

Answer 10

many cognitive factors
inflated sense of personal responsibility
cognitive bias involving thought action fusion

Question 11

what is thought cation fusion?

Answer 11

1. thinking about unpleasant events increase likelihood of it happening
2. moral level: thinking something unpleasant is same as actually having carried it out

Question 12

what are meta-cognitions on OCD?

Answer 12

have highly developed cognitive self-consciousness, reflects on own cognitive process
(too much thinking about thinking)

Question 13

what is the ethology of OCD (genetic evidence)

Answer 13

higher rates of anxiety among 1st degree relatives
possible genetic marker but no genome significant findings

Question 14

what are the Biological factors?ethology of OCD?

Answer 14

encephalitis, head injuries, brain tumours
increase activation in frontal lobe, basal ganglia (increased dopamine)
people with Tourette often have OCD

Question 15

what are the testing and treatment for OCD associated with biological factors?

Answer 15

neuropsychological testing research
hypotheses related to SSRI drug treatment

Question 16

what is neuropsychological testing research?

Answer 16

long term OCD show attention and memory defects
show impairment in executive functions

Question 17

what is the hypothesis related to SSRI drug treatment?

Answer 17

suggests OCD related to decrease in serotonin but SSRI treatment doesn’t work for many with OCD

Question 18

what is PANDAS syndrome?

Answer 18

autoimmune condition that affects the brain
sudden onset of anxiety, moodiness and ODC, ADHD
affects kids

Question 19

what is the ethology of ODC through psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 19

obsessions and compulsions are viewed as similar
result from instinctual forces, sexual or aggressive
feelings of incompetence due to inferiority complex (helicopter parents)

Question 20

how do people with ODC condition themselves to escape and have avoidance behaviours?

Answer 20

through negative reinforcements

Question 21

how do people with OCD escape distressing feelings/thoughts ?

Answer 21

engage in a ritual or set of rituals
(temporarily reduce or get ride of destress)

Question 22

what is the behavioural approach to treat OCD?

Answer 22

exposure and response prevention (ERP)

Question 23

what is exposure and response prevention?

Answer 23

expose themselves to situations that elicit compulsive act (anxiety provoking), then refrain from performing rituals
lasts 90 mins
17-19% refuse treatment

Question 24

what is the cognitive approaches to treat OCD?

Answer 24

combine CBT required when treating

Question 25

what does CBT do?

Answer 25

evaluate id preforming compulsive ritual has catastrophic consequences

Question 26

what can cognitive procedures eliminate?

Answer 26

dysfunctional beliefs that contribute to faulty appraisals

Question 27

what is CBT-I?

Answer 27

inference based approach identifying and letting go obsessional inference

Question 28

what is the effectiveness of CBT in treating OCD?

Answer 28

group based treatments are effective no difference btwn group and individual approaches

Question 29

what are the other issues in OCD treatment?

Answer 29

CBT is effective but high dropout rates

Question 30

what are biological approaches for treating OCD?

Answer 30

psychosurgery cingulotomy (destroying matter in cingulum) Deep brain stimulation nucleus

Question 31

what is the psychoanalytic treatment approach for OCD

Answer 31

attempt to uncover repressive conflicts

Question 32

what is hoarding?

Answer 32

1. the aquisition of and failure to discard 2. world wide phenomenon 3. strong genetic component

Question 33

when is hoarding disorder is diagnosed?

Answer 33

when person has difficulty discarding objects and clutter dominates their life

Question 34

what is the prevalence of hoarding disorder?

Answer 34

onset in 2/3 before age 20 severity increases with age associated with depression 15% have OCD

Question 35

what are cognitive factors in hoarding?

Answer 35

faulty information processing sees beauty in things are are not leads to social isolation

Question 36

what are the pharmacotherapy for hoarding disorder?

Answer 36

SSNRI meds (increase serotonin and more-epinephrone)

Question 37

what are CBT for hoarding disorder?

Answer 37

exposure for not acquiring items and discarding items focuses on organizing problem solving and decision making therapists make home visits for intense exposure

Question 38

what is the definition of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)

Answer 38

person imagined to exaggerate defects in appearance (mostly the face)

Question 39

what are the characteristics of BDD?

Answer 39

spend hours checking on defects may avoid reminders of defects (make up, remove mirrors)

Question 40

how many BDD patients reach full remission?

Answer 40

1 in 5

Question 41

what are the ethology of BDD (biological factors)

Answer 41

genetic link decrease volume in right orbitofrontal cortex and left anterior cingulate cortex

Question 42

what are the cognitive factors in BDD?

Answer 42

catastrophic interpretations of appearance focus on unwanted thoughts avoid social situations

Question 43

what is treatment for BDD (behavioural intervention)?

Answer 43

focus on exposure and response prevention (like OCD)

Question 44

treatment of BDD (cognitive interventions)

Answer 44

evaluates accuracy of negative thoughts and irrational beliefs identifying maladaptive self defeating thoughts goal to assist in development of more realistic thoughts and beliefs

Question 45

what is the efficacy of treatment of BDD?

Answer 45

CBT (works better then medication) and SSRI treatment are effective

Question 46

what is trichotillomani

Answer 46

hair pulling disorder

Question 47

what do people with trichotillomania experience?

Answer 47

experience intense shame after hair pulling episode

Question 48

what is the onset of trichotillomania?

Answer 48

in adolescence thought to be related to body image

Question 49

what is excoriation?

Answer 49

skin picking must be chronic --> leads to lesions co occurs with trichotillomania

Question 50

what are ethology of body focused repetitive disorders?

Answer 50

genetics: found to be influenced by the same genetic factor

Question 51

what is emotion regulation model and hair puling and skin picking

Answer 51

triggered by negative emotions behaviours serve to decrease negative emotions

Question 52

what is the frustrated action model?

Answer 52

triggered by frustration and boredom engaging in behaviours alleviates stats

Question 53

what is habit reversal training?

Answer 53

treatment used for body focused repetitive behaviour disorders and other impulse control disorder