Chapter 13

Question 1

Ralph killed his wife in order to collect on a large life insurance policy. This scenario is an example of ________ aggression.

Answer 1

instrumental

This refers to aggression motivated by a desire to gain something.

Question 2

Angela threatens Bernie to force him to give up a toy. Angela is demonstrating ________ aggression, and Bernie is demonstrating ________ aggression.

Answer 2

instrumental; hostile

Instrumental aggression is aimed at achieving a goal, while hostile aggression is driven by anger.

Question 3

Aggression motivated by feelings of anger and hostility is called ________ aggression, whereas aggression motivated by a desire to gain status or wealth is called ________ aggression.

Answer 3

hostile; instrumental

Hostile aggression is reactive, while instrumental aggression is goal-oriented.

Question 4

Doug Lowenstein stated there is no evidence that playing a violent video game leads to aggressive behavior. Research suggests that Lowenstein is _____.

Answer 4

incorrect because many studies show that violent video games increase aggression.

Question 5

Charlie frequently plays violent video games. Which of the following is NOT likely to be true for Charlie?

Answer 5

Charlie is likely to behave in a more prosocial manner.

Research indicates that violent video games increase aggression.

Question 6

Which hypothesis was proposed to help explain the 1999 massacre at Columbine High School?

Answer 6

Both a and b are correct.

The killers frequently played violent video games and felt rejected by popular students.

Question 7

About ________ percent of the television programs that children watch depict at least some violence.

Answer 7

90

This statistic highlights the prevalence of violence in children’s media.

Question 8

Hai is more likely to become aggressive as a result of watching violent television shows that depict _____.

Answer 8

violence against ‘bad’ people.

This type of portrayal can normalize aggression.

Question 9

When people imitate acts they hear about in the media, this is a form of aggression called _____.

Answer 9

copycat violence.

This term describes the phenomenon of mimicking violent acts.

Question 10

In a longitudinal study of children in Chicago, children who watched more violent television were _____.

Answer 10

more aggressive as adults, even when controlling for how aggressive they were as children.

Question 11

Anytown, U.S.A., is experiencing one of its hottest summers ever. These conditions should lead to a(n) ________ in ________ crimes.

Answer 11

increase; violent.

Question 12

Evidence that social rejection triggers a physical threat defense system supports a(n) ________ explanation of aggression.

Answer 12

evolutionary.

Question 13

Research has found that social rejection activates the same brain regions as those activated when people are _____.

Answer 13

experiencing physical pain.

Question 14

Marcie feels her friends do not like her. How is she likely to respond to someone who cuts in front of her in line?

Answer 14

Marcie is more likely to be hostile toward the person who cuts in front of her.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the relationship between income inequality and aggression?

Answer 15

States and countries with higher levels of income inequality have higher rates of aggression.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT among the explanations for income equality given in the textbook?

Answer 16

People who are genetically more prone to violent behavior tend to be at the lower end of the socioeconomic spectrum.

Question 17

Tim is a child with attention deficit disorder. Which activity would be most helpful for him?

Answer 17

walking around a green park.

Question 18

Clara is deciding whether to take a job in Ireland or the United States. Which country might be a better choice for her children regarding bullying?

Answer 18

Ireland.

Question 19

In what month might you expect that major league baseball pitchers would be more likely to hit batters?

Answer 19

August.

Question 20

How does research on attributional processes help to explain the link between hot weather and aggression?

Answer 20

People are physiologically aroused by the heat, and they misattribute this arousal to other more obvious triggers.

Question 21

Sheila is frustrated after seeing her husband has not taken out the trash in hot weather. She is likely to behave more aggressively if she _____.

Answer 21

underestimates; overestimates.

Question 22

Results from a study by Leonard Berkowitz showed that participants in the gun condition were more aggressive than those in the no-object and neutral-object conditions only if they were angry.

Answer 22

True.

Question 23

Kyle may be more likely to dehumanize detainees if he is _____.

Answer 23

sitting next to a friend.

Question 24

Which behavior is LEAST likely to reduce Kendrick’s chances of behaving aggressively toward his classmate?

Answer 24

hitting a punching bag while keeping the image of the insulting classmate in mind.

Question 25

Nick Haslam and Steve Loughnan distinguished between two forms of dehumanization. Denial of human ________ occurs when targets are viewed as animals, whereas denial of human ________ occurs when targets are viewed as inanimate entities.

Answer 25

uniqueness; nature.

Question 26

Tara is enraged after finding out her boyfriend cheated on her. Which strategy could help her reason calmly?

Answer 26

Tara could use her own name when reflecting on her feelings, as if she were someone else.

Question 27

Research found that teams that wore ________ uniforms were penalized more often for aggressive play.

Answer 27

black.

Question 28

Jeff is more likely to show signs of aggression toward the 'cutter' if he _____.

Answer 28

is standing in line alone as opposed to with a friend.

Question 29

Which color uniforms were found to be penalized more often for aggressive play?

Answer 29

Black ## Footnote ANS: B

Question 30

What factor increases Jeff's likelihood of showing aggression toward someone who cuts in line?

Answer 30

Living in a southern geographic region as opposed to a northern geographic region. ## Footnote ANS: C

Question 31

Which region of the United States leads the nation in argument-related homicide rates?

Answer 31

Southern ## Footnote ANS: D

Question 32

According to Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen, cultures of honor are defined by concerns over one's reputation for what?

Answer 32

Toughness and machismo. ## Footnote ANS: A

Question 33

What does Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen's research indicate about southern men compared to northern men?

Answer 33

Southern men are more sensitive to insults. ## Footnote ANS: A

Question 34

What do rape-prone cultures tend to exhibit?

Answer 34

High levels of many types of violence. ## Footnote ANS: D

Question 35

In a culture of honor, Clayton is more likely to act aggressively when?

Answer 35

Someone calls his girlfriend ugly. ## Footnote ANS: C

Question 36

After being insulted, who is more likely to be angry and upset, Jason or Patrick?

Answer 36

Jason is more likely to have grown up in a southern U.S. state, and Patrick is more likely to have grown up in a northern U.S. state. ## Footnote ANS: C

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of rape-prone cultures?

Answer 37

Rape is portrayed in movies, television, or other cultural products. ## Footnote ANS: B

Question 38

What did Peggy Reeves Sanday find about sexual repression and rape incidents?

Answer 38

There was no connection between sexual repression and the prevalence of rape. ## Footnote ANS: D

Question 39

Which statement is NOT evidence of a culture of honor in the southern United States?

Answer 39

Southerners are more likely than northerners to endorse pro-rape statements. ## Footnote ANS: B

Question 40

Why did a culture of honor develop in the southern United States according to Nisbett and Cohen?

Answer 40

The North was founded by farmers, but the South was founded by herders, thus had to become tough. ## Footnote ANS: C

Question 41

What type of aggression is more common among women compared to men?

Answer 41

Relational aggression. ## Footnote ANS: A

Question 42

What principle do evolutionary psychologists evoke to explain the higher abuse rates of stepchildren?

Answer 42

Inclusive fitness. ## Footnote ANS: B

Question 43

Why are stepchildren more likely to suffer abuse at the hands of stepparents?

Answer 43

Stepchildren do not enhance stepparents' inclusive fitness. ## Footnote ANS: C

Question 44

What does inclusive fitness refer to?

Answer 44

The idea that we primarily look out for ourselves, our offspring, and our close relatives. ## Footnote ANS: D

Question 45

What type of aggression includes gossip and forming alliances?

Answer 45

Relational aggression. ## Footnote ANS: B

Question 46

What do evolutionary theorists believe about gender differences in aggression?

Answer 46

Men were more likely to be hunters and protectors and had to be physically aggressive. ## Footnote ANS: B

Question 47

What supports the theory that men are socialized into being more physically aggressive?

Answer 47

Parents talk more about emotions with girls than with boys, cultivating greater empathy in women. ## Footnote ANS: C

Question 48

What does the propaganda during World War II exemplify?

Answer 48

Dehumanization. ## Footnote ANS: B

Question 49

Which outcome is NOT common in group conflict?

Answer 49

Group members are quick to view conflicts in practical terms. ## Footnote ANS: D

Question 50

What is an example of reactive devaluation?

Answer 50

Students rated a plan lower when proposed by the university administration compared to when it was presented in the abstract. ## Footnote ANS: A

Question 51

What did Lee Ross and colleagues find about people's perceptions of opposing attitudes?

Answer 51

People tend to overestimate the extremity of attitudes held by the opposing side. ## Footnote ANS: C

Question 52

What type of reasoning can lead to more effective peacemaking?

Answer 52

Logic-based reasoning. ## Footnote ANS: B

Question 53

What two processes increase conflict between groups?

Answer 53

Dehumanization and reactive devaluation. ## Footnote ANS: C

Question 54

When groups in conflict communicate, what is more likely to happen?

Answer 54

They are more likely to reconcile and return to peaceful relations. ## Footnote ANS: B

Question 55

What is Jacob's reaction when the administration suggests freezing tuition?

Answer 55

He wants them to reduce tuition by 2 percent instead. ## Footnote ANS: C

Question 56

What is the most accurate statement about forgiveness and reconciliation?

Answer 56

Reconciliation behaviors often trigger forgiveness. ## Footnote ANS: A

Question 57

How do restorative justice approaches differ from traditional criminal justice?

Answer 57

Offenders are encouraged to take responsibility and engage in dialogue with victims. ## Footnote ANS: A