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NUR 170 > CHAPTER 13 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Sodium (Na+) concentration range

A

135-145 mEq/L

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2
Q

Potassium (K+) concentration range

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

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3
Q

Calcium (Ca++) concentration range

A

9.0-10.5 mg/dL

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4
Q

Magnesium (Mg++) concentration range

A

1.3-2.3 mg/dL

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5
Q

Phosphorus (HPO4-) (hydrogen phosphate ion) concentration range

A

2.5-4.5 mg/dL

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6
Q

Chloride (Cl-) concentration range

A

97-107 mEq/L

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7
Q

Term for sodium deficit

A

HYPOnatremia

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8
Q

Hyponatremia refers to sodium level that is less than what?

A

Less than 135 mEq/L or mmol/L

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9
Q

Term for sodium excess

A

HYPERnatremia

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10
Q

Hypernatremia refers to serum sodium level higher than what?

A

Higher than 145 mEq/L or mmol/L

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11
Q

Term for potassium deficit

A

HYPOkalemia

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12
Q

Hypokalemia refers to serum potassium level that is less than what?

A

Less than 3.5 mEq/L or mmol/L

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13
Q

Term for potassium excess

A

HYPERkalemia

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14
Q

Hyperkalemia refers to serum potassium level greater than what?

A

Greater than 5 mEq/L or mmol/L

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15
Q

According to the Institute of Medicine, what is the daily recommended total fluid intake for women?

A

2700 mL/day for women

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16
Q

According to the Institute of Medicine, what is the daily recommended total fluid intake for women?

A

3700 mL/day for men

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17
Q

What percent of daily total fluid intake should come from actual fluids?

A

80%

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18
Q

What percent of daily total fluid intake comes from foods & metabolism?

A

20%

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19
Q

What kind of fluids would be appropriate when teaching a patient of what kinds of fluids they should be taking in?

A

Clear liquids, water

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20
Q

What types of fluids would you advise patients of avoiding in reference to maintenance of fluid balance?

A

Caffeinated drinks (sodas), alcohol, coffee (due to diuretic effect, causing fluids to LEAVE the body).

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21
Q

Approximately how many mL/day of fluid should a person be losing by urine output?

A

1500 mL/day

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22
Q

What is the minimum mL/hour of fluid output by urine for a person?

A

30-50 mL/hour or 60 mL/2 hr (if it goes under 30 mL/hr, this is a problem)

23
Q

What is the daily average of fluid output required to rid the body of nitrogenous wastes & extra solute?

A

400-600 mL/day

this is the minimum average, or else toxins may build up in the body

24
Q

What is sensible fluid loss?

A

Fluid lost through urine, liquid, stool, wound drainage, etc. (is measurable)

25
What is insensible fluid loss?
Fluid lost by perspiration, respirations, GI tract, skin, lungs, etc. (not measurable)
26
What is the daily total average of insensible fluid loss?
500-1000 mL/day
27
What is the body's major extracellular buffer system?
Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer System
28
What are examples of intracellular buffers?
Proteins, Organic/Inorganic Phosphates, and Plasma Proteins
29
What organ regulates the bicarbonate level in the ECF?
Kidneys
30
What occurs during respiratory acidosis (and most cases of metabolic acidosis not caused by renal failure) to help restore balance (homeostasis)?
The kidneys excrete hydrogen ions (H+) and conserve bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
31
What occurs during respiratory and metabolic alkalosis to help restore balance?
The kidneys retain hydrogen ions (H+) and excrete bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
32
What happens to respirations during metabolic acidosis?
Respiratory rate increases - causing greater elimination of CO2 - to reduce acid load
33
What happens to respirations during metabolic alkalosis?
Respiratory rate decreases - causing CO2 to be retained - to increase acid load
34
How do buffer systems affect the body's pH level?
Prevents major changes in the pH of body fluids by removing or releasing H+
35
What would occur if either bicarbonate or carbonic acid is increased or decreased so that the 20:1 ration is no longer maintained?
Acid-Base Imbalance will occur
36
Why does an anion gap occur?
Not all electrolytes are measured
37
Hyponatremia F&E Mnemonic | SALT LOSS
``` SALT LOSS: Stupor/Coma Anorexia Lethargy Tendon Reflexes Decreased ``` Limp Muscle Orthostatic Hypotension Seizures Stomach Cramping/Diarrhea
38
Hypernatremia F&E Mnemonic | FRIED
``` FRIED: Fever, Flushed skin Restlessness, Irritability Increased Fluid Retention/Increased BP Edema Decreased Urine Output, Dry Mouth ```
39
Hypocalcemia F&E Mnemonic | (CATS) need milk
``` CATS (need milk) Convulsions Arrhythmias Tetany Spasms/Stridor ```
40
Hypercalcemia F&E Mnemonic
Bones Stones Moans and Groans
41
Hypokalemia F&E Mnemonic | A SIC WALT
A SIC WALT Alkalosis Shallow respiration Irritability Confusion, drowsiness Weakness, fatigue Arrhythmias - irregular rate, tachycardia Lethargy Thready Pulse
42
Hyperkalemia F&E Mnemonic | MURDER
``` MURDER Muscle cramps Urine abnormalities Respiratory Distress Decreased Cardiac Contractibility EKG changes Reflexes ```
43
Hypomagnesemia F&E Mnemonic | STARVED
``` STARVED Seizures Tetany Anorexia/arrhythmias Rapid heart rate Vomiting Emotional distress DTRs increased ```
44
Hypermagnesemia F&E Mnemonic | RENAL
``` RENAL Reflexes Decreased ECG changes & hypotension Nausea & vomiting Appearance flushed Letharygy ```
45
What are the fluid and electrolyte cations?
Na (Sodium K (Potassium) Mg (Magnesium) Ca (Calcium)
46
What are the fluid and electrolyte anions?
Cl (Chloride) HCO3- (Bicarbonte) P (Phosphorus)
47
What is the #1 sign/symptom of all F&E Imbalance?
Altered Mental Status (AMS) | especially in the elderly
48
Major ECF Anion that follows the leader and is altered or corrected when other electrolytes are?
Chloride
49
Important for activation of vitamins/enzymes
Phosphorus
50
Decreased metabolism and heart changes (EKG); excess of this electrolyte does not cause problems - what electrolyte imbalance?
Hypophosphatemia
51
What electrolyte has an inverse relationship with Calcium?
Phosphorus
52
What electrolyte is important for blood clotting; muscles; heart; and CNS?
Magnesium
53
Fatigue, cramps, muscle twitching, arrhythmia, tingling, and seizures, (alcohol withdrawal) - what electrolyte imbalance is this?
Hypomagnesemia

NUR 170 (2 decks)

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