Chapter 13

Question 1

What is the

simplest form of reproduction?

Answer 1

Asexual reproduction

Question 2

The parent

contributes all of its what to the offspring

Answer 2

Chromosomes

Question 3

What does asexual reproduction depend on exclusively

Answer 3

mitosis

Question 4

Name one advantage of asexual reproduction

Answer 4

100% of genes of parent is passed on which is what we want biologically

Question 5

Disadvantage of asexual reproduction

Answer 5

Organisms can easily be wiped out because they all have the same genes

Question 6

Red blood cells do not have what

Answer 6

nucleus

Question 7

In a hypotonic solution when the cells bursts does the cell’s nucleus burst? Explain reasoning

Answer 7

No because nucleus has nuclear pores that ions can easily pass through

Question 8

What is a karyotype

Answer 8

the chromosome complement

Question 9

The karyotype refers to what

Answer 9

a picture of the chromosome complement

Question 10

Why can karyotypes be important

Answer 10

Sometimes be used to diagnose medical problems

Question 11

Define genome

Answer 11

All the genes in the organism

Question 12

What does homologous chromosomes make up?

Answer 12

the chromosomes that make up a pair

Question 13

Homologous chromosomes have the same what

Answer 13

same gene and same order

Question 14

What are the two sex chromosomes

Answer 14

X and Y

Question 15

What is an autosome

Answer 15

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Question 16

Your chromosome 1 is homologous to what

Answer 16

instructors chromosome 1

Question 17

Your chromosome 1 is identical to whoses

Answer 17

no ones

Question 18

What makes genes different

Answer 18

alleles

Question 19

Define diploid organisms

Answer 19

organisms that have two sets of chromosomes

Question 20

Where does each set of chromosomes in the diploid organism come from

Answer 20

One comes from the mother, the other comes from the father

Question 21

Sister chromatids are what

Answer 21

identical sequences

Question 22

How many sets of chromosomes does a haploid organism have

Answer 22

One set of chromosomes

Question 23

How do haploid organisms typically reproduce

Answer 23

Asexaully

Question 24

Diploid organisms have haploid cells called what

Answer 24

gametes

Question 25

Gametes are used for what

Answer 25

reproduction

Question 26

Examples of gametes in humans are

Answer 26

sperm and eggs

Question 27

Haploid cells are produced through what specialized division

Answer 27

meiosis

Question 28

How many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell

Answer 28

46

Question 29

how many chromosomes in a germline cell in humans

Answer 29

23

Question 30

When does the reduction of chromosome number occur

Answer 30

meiosis

Question 31

Can life cycles be different between organisms

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

Do some life forms have complex life cycles

Answer 32

yes

Question 33

What is fertilization

Answer 33

combining of two haploid gametes to produce the diploid zygote

Question 34

What is the end product of fertlization

Answer 34

diploid zygote

Question 35

this is the growth of the somatic cells in the zygote

Answer 35

mitosis

Question 36

the body cells are known as what

Answer 36

somatic

Question 37

this is a specialized cell division to reduce chromosome number in the gametes

Answer 37

meiosis

Question 38

What three things happen during Prophase I of meiosis

Answer 38

1. Chromosomes condense 2. Homologous chromosomes pair up 3. Homologous chromosomes cross over each other

Question 39

Define synapsis

Answer 39

homologous chromosome pairing up during meiosis

Question 40

This is the site of crossover between homologous chromosome's during meiosis

Answer 40

chiasma

Question 41

this is the process of exchanging genetic material between homologues

Answer 41

homologous recombination

Question 42

After interphase the sister chromatids are held together by what

Answer 42

proteins called cohesins

Question 43

Where are the nonsister chromatids broken at

Answer 43

precisely corresponding positions

Question 44

What holds the homologs together tightly (zipper like structure)

Answer 44

synaptonemal complex

Question 45

How are DNA breaks repaired during meiosis

Answer 45

Joining DNA from one nonsister chromatid to the corresponding segment of another

Question 46

How does the process of DNA repair make molecules that are different from either parental strand

Answer 46

Allows exchange of the two DNA strands making recombinant DNA molecules that are different

Question 47

This type of reproduction conserves the number of chromosome sets, producing cells that are genetically identical to the parent

Answer 47

Mitosis

Question 48

This type of reproduction reduces the number of chromosomes sets from two to one, producing cells that differ genetically from each other and from the parent cell

Answer 48

meiosis

Question 49

What are the original source of genetic diversity

Answer 49

mutations

Question 50

Mutations create what

Answer 50

different versions of genes called alleles

Question 51

Reshuffling of what during sexual reproduction produces genetic variation

Answer 51

alleles

Question 52

What is responsible for most of the variation that arises in each generation

Answer 52

the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization

Question 53

What three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation

Answer 53

1. independent assortment of chromosomes 2. crossing over 3. random fertilization

Question 54

Homologous pairs of chromosomes orient when and how

Answer 54

randomly at metaphase I of meiosis

Question 55

In this each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells independently of the other pairs

Answer 55

independent assortment

Question 56

The number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes is

Answer 56

2n (n= the haploid number)

Question 57

Crossing over produces what

Answer 57

recombinant DNA

Question 58

what is recombinant DNA

Answer 58

combine DNA inherited from each parent

Question 59

Crossing over contributes to genetic variation how

Answer 59

by combining DNA from two parents to a single chromosome

Question 60

What is the average crossover event in humans

Answer 60

1- 3 crossover events occurs per chromosome