Chapter 13

Question 1

Social Psychology

Answer 1

Study of how people influence others’ behaviour, beliefs and attitudes

Question 2

Social Comparison Theory

Answer 2

Theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others

Question 3

Mass Hysteria

Answer 3

Outbreak of irrational behaviour that is spread by social contagion

Question 4

Attribution

Answer 4

Process of assigning causes to behaviour

Question 5

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 5

Tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people’s behaviour

Question 6

Conformity

Answer 6

Tendency of people to alter their behaviour as a result of group pressure

Question 7

Deindividuation

Answer 7

Tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behaviour when they are stripped of their usual identities

Question 8

Groupthink

Answer 8

Emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking

Question 9

Group Polarization

Answer 9

Tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members

Question 10

Cult

Answer 10

Group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause

Question 11

Inoculation Effect

Answer 11

Approach to convincing people to charge their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking them

Question 12

Obedience

Answer 12

Adherence to instructions from those of higher authority

Question 13

Pluralistic Ignorance

Answer 13

Error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do

Question 14

Diffusion of Responsibility

Answer 14

Reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others

Question 15

Social loafing

Answer 15

Phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups

Question 16

Altruism

Answer 16

Helping others for unselfish reasons

Question 17

Enlightenment Effect

Answer 17

learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better

Question 18

Aggression

Answer 18

Behaviour intended to harm others, either verbally or physically

Question 19

Relational Aggression

Answer 19

Form of indirect aggression, prevalent in girls, involving spreading rulers, gossiping, and nonverbal put downs for he purpose of social manipulation

Question 20

Attitude

Answer 20

Belief that includes an emotional component

Question 21

Self-Monitoring

Answer 21

Personality trait that assesses the extent to which people’s behaviour reflects their true feelings and attitudes

Question 22

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 22

Unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs

Question 23

Self-Perception Theory

Answer 23

Theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviours

Question 24

Impression Management Theory

Answer 24

Theory that we don’t really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviours appear consistent with our attitudes

Question 25

Foot In the door technique

Answer 25

Persuasive techniques involving making a small request before making a bigger one

Question 26

Door in the face Technique

Answer 26

Persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted

Question 27

Lowball Technique

Answer 27

Persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all of the "add-on" costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product

Question 28

Prejudice

Answer 28

Drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or intuition prior to evaluating the evidence

Question 29

Stereotype

Answer 29

A belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group

Question 30

Ultimate Attribution Error

Answer 30

Assumption that behaviours among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions

Question 31

Adaptive Conservatism

Answer 31

Evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different

Question 32

In-Group Bias

Answer 32

Tendency to favour individuals within our group over those from outside our group

Question 33

Out-Group Homogeneity

Answer 33

Tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar

Question 34

Discrimination

Answer 34

Negative behaviour toward members of out-group

Question 35

Scapegoat Hypothesis

Answer 35

Claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes

Question 36

Just - World Hypothesis

Answer 36

Claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by a deep-seated assumptions that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason

Question 37

Explicit Prejudice

Answer 37

Unfounded negative belief of which we're aware regarding the characteristics of an out group

Question 38

Implicit Prejudice

Answer 38

Unfound negative belief of which we're unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group

Question 39

Jigsaw Classroom

Answer 39

Educational Approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project