Chapter 13

Question 1

gender and sex

Answer 1

• sex: biological identity
• gender: socially and culturally constructed roles, relationships, behaviours ascribed to females, males, diverse gender identities

Question 2

how do we view men and women

Answer 2

• stereotypes: how males and females differ
• most adults associate different traits with m and f
• males are seen as instrumental, women as expressive

Question 3

learning stereotypes

Answer 3

• by 4 kids have extensive knowledge of stereotyped activities
• elementary school years kids learn males have higher status opportunities
• older kids see stereotypes as guidelines, not binding
• girls more flexible with stereotypes
• middle class = more flexible than lower class

Question 4

differences in physical development and behavior

Answer 4

• boys tend to be bigger and stronger

- girls healthier, better on tasks requiring fine motor coordination

Question 5

intellectual ability differences

Answer 5

• verbal: girls good at reading, spelling writing, less language problems
• spatial: boys tend to surpass girls at mental rotation
  spatial memory: females have a better memory for spatial locations of objects
• math: girls better than boys in elementary but this reverses in high school

Question 6

differences in personality and social behaviour

Answer 6

• boys physically aggressive, linked to angrogens, exposure to aggressive models, parents more tolerant of aggressive behavior
• girls use relational aggression
  girls better at expressing emotiosn and interpreting others emotions
• adolescent girls more likely to be depressed

Question 7

influence of culture

Answer 7

• impacts expectations on ability and vocational opportunities
• self fulfilling prophecy: parental and scholastic expectations

Question 8

socializing influences of people and the media

Answer 8

• parents treat daughters and sons alike except for behavior related to gender roles
• more positive when play with sex typical toys
• fathers more likely to encourage behaviour associated with stereotypes
• teachers interact more with boys but may be because theyre more disruptive
• peers critical of cross gender play
• 2-3: prefer same sex peers
• boys learn mostly from boys and girls mostly from girls as a result
• TV depicts stereotypical views of gender

Question 9

cognitive theories of gender identity

Answer 9

• identity develops gradually
• understanding of gender labelling, stability and consistency, constancy
• by 4y kids understand constancy and gender typical and atypical activites
• once kids learn their gender they pay more attention to objects and activities that are considered gender appropriate

Question 10

gender dysphoria

Answer 10

• extreme discomfort with one’s gender
• in many cases it is not experienced when older
• many identify with being gay or lesbian later
• reported across many cultures and countries
• must validate what kids are feeling without making assumptions

Question 11

biological influences

Answer 11

• evolutionary adaptation fo m and f roles may influecne gender differences
• testosterone in amniotic fluid predicts preference for masculine activities
• girls affected by congenital prenatal development tend to prefer male stuff
• biology, social, media contribute

Question 12

androgyny

Answer 12

• balance or bleding of m and f
• advantages: more flexible and adaptable, higher self esteem, better adjusted
  disadvantages: may be judged by peers

Question 13

beyond traditional gender roles

Answer 13

• kids can be taught to have fewer stereotypes in the short term
• parents may influence kids by not being gender bound
• parents should base decisions about types, activities, chores on individual child, not sex
• cant shelter from outside forces but parents can encourage critical thinking