Chapter 14

Question 1

family system

Answer 1

• microsystem: immediate influence on child
• mesosystem: relationship between different microsystems
• exosystem: things that have less of an impact on kids life
• macrosystem: society
• chronosystem: systems change over time

Question 2

parenting styles

Answer 2

• authoritarian: high control, low warmth
• authoritative: fair control, little warmth
• permissive: warmth and caring but little control
• uninvolved - neglectful
• best to have high levels of warmth and responsiveness and moderate control

Question 3

variations associated with culture and ses

Answer 3

• views of proper parental warmth and control varies by culture
• ## styles vary within cultures depending on ses

Question 4

parental behavior

Answer 4

• direct instruction: what to do, when, why
• observing: kids learn from watching others
• feedback: reinforcement useful but parents often reinforce behaviors they dont wat
• punishment must be administered by a person with a person with a earm relationship, accompanied by an explanation, administered promptly

Question 5

influences of the marital system

Answer 5

• many parents work together in a coordiated way towards development
• lack of teamwork causes problems
• work related stress affects parenting

Question 6

childrens contributions

Answer 6

• parents expressions of warmth and control change with kids age
• parents behave differently depending on specific behavior and temperament

Question 7

impacts of divorce

Answer 7

• affects kids conduct, school achievement, ego, relationship with parents
• year after divorce most kids adjust, better if parents cooperate
• risk of behavioral problems higher for kids of divorce but most are ok
• negative effects related to parental absence, economic hardship, parental conflict

Question 8

blended families

Answer 8

• kids benefit from a warm supportive stepparent

- adolescents dont adjust as easily

Question 9

role of grandparents

Answer 9

• influential: raise kids
• supportive: help with things like babysitting
• authority oriented: discipline but dont raise
• passive: involved with less intensity
• detached: not involved
• kids benefit from active grandparents
• grandparents active in minority and immigrant families

Question 10

gay and lesbian parents

Answer 10

• develop much like heterosexual parent kids

- multiple adults involved important but who the adults are doesnt matter

Question 11

• firstborn, laterborn, only kids

Answer 11

• more realistic expectations of laterborn
• firstborn have higher IQ, more likely to go to university, more willing to conform to adults requests
• laterborn more popular and innovative
• only children more likely to succeed in school and have higher levels of intelligence, leadership, autonomy, maturity

Question 12

adopted children

Answer 12

• similar to non adopted kids in temperament, attachment, cognitive developemtn
• more problems adjusting to school, more conduct disorders
• quality of life before adoption puts kids at risk but most are ok

Question 13

sibling relationships

Answer 13

• distress with birth of new sibling avoided if parents are responsive to older sibling
• pattern of sibling relationships established early, remains constant
• get along best when same sex, neither temperamentally emotional, younger enters adolescence, parents dont show favouritism, each unique relationship with parents, parents have a good relationship

Question 14

maltreatment and its consequences

Answer 14

• physical, sexual, emotional abuse and neglect
• social emotional and intellectual development affected
• psychological and emotional abuse have extensive negative effects
• variability on how kids respond to abuse
• kids who are ego resilient expereince fewer consequences

Question 15

causes of maltreatment

Answer 15

• cultural and social factors: cultural attitudes, poverty, social isolation, stress in military families
• parental: abusive parents often experienced abuse themselves, lack parenting skills, dysfunctional marriages
• child: stepchildren, young children, challenging children, ill children

Question 16

preventing malnutrition

Answer 16

• change in societal attitudes towards acceptable punishment
• eliminating poverty and other stressors
• providing parents with better education

Question 17

development of peer interactions

Answer 17

• nonsocial play: play alone
• parallel play: play on their own but doing similar activities
• associative play: interact doing similar activities but still not together
• cooperative play: together
• normal in preschool
• themes of make believe influenced by culture
• engaging in make believe good for development
• solitary play can be good but some forms may indicate problems in social interactions
• parents can be playmate, social director, coach, mediator

Question 18

• friendships

Answer 18

• more complex with age
• features like trust and assistance important by 8-11
• intimacy and loyalty important in teens, friends sources of support
• group diversity more common where classes are smaller adn the schools are diverse
• befriend those who are similar to them
• good friends = higher self esteem, less likely to be victimized, greater self worth, cope better
• can be negitive –> corumination is bad

Question 19

romantic relationships

Answer 19

• sexual exploration important part of romantic relationship in early adolescence
• pregnancy rates vary by province
• sex educaiton programs important

Question 20

groups

Answer 20

• clique: 4-6 friends that re similar
• crowd: bigger group of older children with similar attitudes and values, labeled
• most groups have dominance hierarchy
• positive or negative peer pressure
• influence strongest when: angsty, peer have higher status, peers are friends, standards are appropriate or are unclear

Question 21

peer relations sociometry

Answer 21

• kids nominated peers based on traits
• mostly positive and lots: popular
• mostly negative and lots: rejected
• middle and dont have a lot: average
• none: neglected
• middle but lots: controversial

Question 22

popularity and rejection

Answer 22

• repeated rejetion can have long term consequences like droppig out, crime, psychopathy
• parents influence rejection by modelling negative social skills, proving inconsistent discipline that contributes to aggressiveness

Question 23

childcare

Answer 23

• most kids cared for by someone other than mother
• high quality childcare: few kids per caregiver, caregivers are warm, responsive, age appropriate care
• high quality childcare has positive effectso n cogntive and social development
• children and adolescents who participate in after school activites are beter adjusted, have higher self esteem, are more likely to go to post secondary

Question 24

part time work

Answer 24

• too much is bad,

- limited hours are positive

Question 25

neighbourhoods

Answer 25

- good neighbourhood = better academics, less behavioral problems - high quality childcare, recreational opportunities, local healthcare contriute to better development

Question 26

schools

Answer 26

- good schools: oriented towards academic excellence, safe, parent involvement, monitored progress - academic achievement determined by environment and child

Question 27

teacher based influences

Answer 27

- students learn most effectively when teachers - devote most of time to instruciton - believe they are responsibel for students learning - pay attention to pacing - emphasize mastery of topics - teach actively - value tutoring