chapter 13 biology vocab Flashcards
know the words (18 cards)
DNA
dioxytribonucleic acid. Genetic material of all living things. Very simple structure. chemical code for proteins. proteins are responcible for all our traits
chargaff”s rule
t binds to A
C binds to G
DNA replication
is the process of making more copies of DNA
every organism does this because it produces more cells (mitosis), and needs DNA to fill them.
double helix
the structure of DNA
looks like a twisted ladder
the sides represent the alternating deoxyribose sugars and phosphate molecules
the steps represent pairs of nitrogenous bases
Epigenetics
The study of changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence
-environmental factors
Gametes
A body cell mutations in these cells are passed down to offspring
Gel Electrophoresis
An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to their size
Griffith, Avery, Hershey, and Chase
discovered that DNA was the genetic material (not proteins)
histones
DNA coils around proteins
Hox genes
Genes that control the placement and development of bodyparts.
- same in all creatures
- Can cause evolutionary change.
nitrogenous base
make up the steps of the dna structure: 4 kinds 1.thymine(T) 2. adenine(A) 3.cytosine(C) 4.Guanine(G)
nucleotide
a piece of DNA that is made of:
1 dioxyribose sugar ring
1 phosphate molecule
1 nitrogenous base
nucleosomes
DNA coils around proteins called dhostons to form nnucleosomes
Protein folding
To do its job a protein must be folded a certain way. If it has incorrect, missing, or extra amino acids,it will not do its job in the body.
Point mutation
Caused by a substitution of an inn correct base is transcribed into the code.
CCGATT-CCGATA
***may or may not change the kinds of amino acids in the protein. Since there’s more than one codon per amino acids.
telomeres
a region of repitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration
Somatic cells
Body cell
-mutations in these cells are not passed down to offspring
Watson, Crick, and Franklin
discovered the structure of DNA
