Chapter 13 (lecture microbe-Human interactions

Question 1

Normal Microbiota

Answer 1

microbes that permanently colonize

Question 2

Transient Microbita

Answer 2

Present periodically

Question 3

sites known to habor microbota

Answer 3

skin and adjacent mucous membrane, upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, including mouth, external genitalia, vagina, external ear canal, external eye

Question 4

Pathogens

Answer 4

disease-causing microorganisms

Question 5

True pathogens

Answer 5

make anbody sick

Question 6

opportunistic pathogens

Answer 6

take advantage of any situation

Question 7

Pathology

Answer 7

study of the cause, manner, and results of disease

Question 8

Factors That Weaken Host Defenses and Increase Susceptibility to Infection

Answer 8

-Age: the very young and the very old
-Genetic defects in immunity and acquired defects in immunity (AIDS)
-Pregnancy
-Surgery and organ transplants
-Underlying disease: cancer, liver malfunction, diabetes
-Chemotherapy/immunosuppressive drugs
-Physical and mental stress
Other infections

Question 9

What is the first step of an infection?

Answer 9

getting in (portal of entry)

Question 10

What are ways of portal of entry?

Answer 10

-skin
-mucous membrane
-GI tract
-Respiratory
-urogenital

Question 11

What is the second step of an infection?

Answer 11

staying in (attaching firmly and negotiating the microbe)

Question 12

what are the ways for the infection to stay?

Answer 12

fimbriae, capsules, and spikes (virsues)

Question 13

What is the third step of an infection?

Answer 13

surviving host defenses

Question 14

What are the antiphagocytic factors of surviving host defenses?

Answer 14

-leukocidins (toxic to white blood cells)
-capsules
-survive within
-epigenetic changes to host

Question 15

What is the fourth step of an infection?

Answer 15

Causing Disease

Question 16

What are the three ways that microbes cause damage to hosts

Answer 16

-By secreting proteins (enzymes or toxins) that directly damage host cells
-By causing an overreaction by the body’s defenses and those defenses cause host damage
-By altering the host cell genome or transcription processes through epigenetic changes that temporarily or permanently disrupt normal host cell function.

Question 17

What is a toxin

Answer 17

a chemical product of the one organism that is poisonous to another

Question 18

What is a endotoxin?

Answer 18

A toxin molecule secreted by a living bacterial cell into the infected tissues

Question 19

What is a exotoxin?

Answer 19

A toxin that is not actively secreted but is shed from the outer membrane

Question 20

What is systemic infection?

Answer 20

which the pathogen spreads through circulation to many sites

Question 21

What is locialized infection?

Answer 21

the microbe enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue

Question 22

What is secondary infection?

Answer 22

In a primary-secondary infection, an initial infection is complicated by a second one in the same or a different location and caused by a different microbe.

Question 23

What is a focal infection?

Answer 23

occurs initially as a local infection, but circumstances cause the microbe to be carried to other sites systemically

Question 24

What is a mixed infection?

Answer 24

which the same site is infected with several microbes at the same time

Question 25

What is a acute disease or acute infections?

Answer 25

develops quickly and over quickly

Question 26

What is a chronic disease or chronic infections?

Answer 26

develops more slowly, and lasts longer or indefinitely

Question 27

What is the fifth step of an infection?

Answer 27

vacating the Host: portals of exit

Question 28

What are ways of portals of exit?

Answer 28

skin cells, coughing, insect bites, removal of blood, feces, urine

Question 29

What are the stages of Disease?

Answer 29

incubation period, prodrdomal stage, acute phase, convalescent period, continuation stage

Question 30

What is a reservoir?

Answer 30

the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates or when pathogens persist

Question 31

Examples of reservoirs

Answer 31

human carrier, animal (vector), and non-living

Question 32

What are carriers?

Answer 32

a person that is not affected by disease but can pass it on without knowning.

Question 33

Asymptomatic carriers are what?

Answer 33

people who are infected but don't have symptoms

Question 34

incubating carriers are what?

Answer 34

people who are infected but don't have symptoms

Question 35

convalescent carriers are what?

Answer 35

when they continue to shed viable microbes and convey the infection to others

Question 36

chronic carriers are what?

Answer 36

An individual who shelters the infectious agent for a long period after recovery because of the latency of the infectious agent

Question 37

passive carriers are what?

Answer 37

Medical and dental personnel who must constantly handle materials that are heavily contaminated with patient secretions and blood risk picking up pathogens mechanically

Question 38

what is zoonosis?

Answer 38

diseases that can be passed from animals to humans

Question 39

What are biological vectors?

Answer 39

are infected

Question 40

What are mechanical vectors?

Answer 40

not infected

Question 41

Examples of biological vectors?

Answer 41

chickens, bats, mosquitoes

Question 42

Examples of mechanical vectors?

Answer 42

flys and cockroaches

Question 43

What are examples of non-liing reservoirs?

Answer 43

-soil -water -air -improperly stored food -buildings

Question 44

What is communicable disease?

Answer 44

spreads from host to another

Question 45

What is a noncommunicable disease?

Answer 45

infectious disease does not arise through transmission of the infectious agent from host to host.

Question 46

What is contagious disease?

Answer 46

infectious disease spreads easily (opprotunistic infections)

Question 47

What is Direct (contact) transmission?

Answer 47

Invovlves very close proxmity or actual physical contact between two hosts

Question 48

What is an indirect transmission?

Answer 48

Infectious agents must pass from an infected host to an intermediate conveyor (a vehicle) and from there to another host. (example: touching a door knob, soil, water)

Question 49

What is airborne transmission?

Answer 49

-moving through the air without dropping to the group -Can stay in the air for long periods of time

Question 50

What is a droplet transmission?

Answer 50

occurs by the direct spray of large droplets onto conjunctiva or mucous membranes of a susceptible host when an infected patient sneezes, talks, or coughs