Chapter 13: moral development part 1

Question 1

Morality

Answer 1

Knowing the difference between what is right and wrong and acting on that knowledge

Question 2

Morality includes three components:

Answer 2

Cognitive: how we conceptualize right and wrong, and make decisions about how to behave

Affective: the emotional component consisting of feelings that surround the right or wrong action
Ex: guilt, concern, pride, etc.

Behavioral: how we actually behave when we are tempted to violate moral rules

Question 3

Moral reasoning

Answer 3

Focus on the cognitive component of morality

Question 4

Internalization

Answer 4

The shift from externally controlled
actions to acting based upon internal principles and standards

Question 5

Piaget’s stages of moral reasoning

Answer 5

Premoral Period: (birth to 3 years) little respect or awareness of
rules

Heteronomous Morality: (4 through 10 yrs) rules of authority figures are sacred and unalterable

Autonomous Morality: (10 yrs and up) rules are arbitrary agreements that can be challenged and changed, with the consent of the people they govern

Question 6

Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning

Answer 6

Level I: Preconventional
Stage 1: Punishment and obedience orientation
Stage 2: Individualism, instrumental purpose, & exchange

Level II: Conventional
Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
Stage 4: Social system and conscience

Level III: Postconventional
Stage 5: Social contract or utility and individual rights
Stage 6: Universal ethical principles

Question 7

Carol Gilligan’s Objections to Kohlberg

Answer 7

Women emphasize empathy and compassion over standard notions of morality

Question 8

Psychoanalytic Theories

Answer 8

Focus on moral affect
Freud: morality (superego) is internalized from parents, designed to restrain id impulses

Question 9

Social-learning Theories

Answer 9

Conscience (Freud’s superego) is a result of socialization: creates mutually responsible relationship, which leads to committed compliance

Social Conscience: a sense of right and wrong

Question 10

Empathy

Answer 10

Understanding another’s emotion, and feeling the same or similar emotion

Researchers suggest that empathy is related to both nature and nurture

Question 11

Moral behavior

Answer 11

Moral behavior is learned; through conditioning, modeling, and self-regulation, children learn to INHIBIT
immoral behavior, to resist temptation to violate moral values and norms