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Bio 224 > Chapter 13 Nephrons > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Nephrons Flashcards

1
Q

Nephron is smallest functional unit of the? And what is the function?

A

Kidney- filters blood

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2
Q

Counter current exchange allows?

A

hyperconcentration of substances

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3
Q

What is counter current exchange?

A

a pair of adjacent channels or tubes containing fluids flowing in opposite directions

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4
Q

Inside a counter current exchange there are? which allow?

A

gradient in between the 2 channels/ tubes which allow a flow between the two currents

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5
Q

when flowing in the same direction it is called?

A

equilibrium

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6
Q

what does equilibrium mean?

A

it means it is not concentrated that you have not accumulated heat, ion, salt (solute), etc. and stored it away

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7
Q

Why were we able to have create an electrical signal with the neurons?

A

Concentration Gradient, stored the ions / accumulated them somewhere and bc you accumulated them there was a difference / a gradient that you used
Stored it, created a concentration gradient and when you opened up the gate it releases the ions that go down the gradient

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8
Q

Reaching equilibrium means ?

A

no gradient, there is no stored substance / energy to work with and that is a problem / something we do not want to use inside of the Kidneys

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9
Q

The arrangement of tubes in THE SAME DIRECTION means that eventually

A

the concentration gradient will be reduced, and the flow will equalize across the two tubes

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10
Q

The arrangement of tubes in OPPOSITE FLOW DIRECTIONS means

A

that even as the bottom tube starts with lower concentration and picks up solutes, it will not reach equilibrium and will continue to pickup solute, as the concentration gradient always leads from the top tube to the bottom tube..

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11
Q

concentration is relatively higher in the?

A

top tube

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12
Q

In the exchange system heat? which moves? Reaches? Preventing?

A

drops which lowers the temp. moves to the right doesn’t reach equilibrium preventing same gradient

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13
Q

Exchange system allows you to

A

transfer as long as tubes are running togtehr

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14
Q

Countercurrent Exchange Tubes are

A

going in different directions
Substance can be protein, ions, solute, etc.
In this example, it is heat transfer
Heat will move from the Hotter Tube to the Colder Tube

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15
Q

countercurrent exchange system prevents

A

equilibrium because the gradient remains the same

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16
Q

In the counter current exchange sytem what must you do to the tubes in order to reach equilibrium

A

make them longer, you get more and more concentrated

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17
Q

Countercurrent Exchange –is in a _____Environment?

A

Cold Environment - you want to concentrate heat do not want it to go out – hold on to

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18
Q

In Warmer Environment, the Venous return is going to be

A

superficial veins

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19
Q

in a warm environment you want to

A

release heat / radiate heat out by taking arteriole blood which is coming from the core bc it is coming from the core it is carrying heat with it and you pump it out to the appendages

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20
Q

In the Warmer Environment the best way to get rid of heat is to

A

carry the blood to the surface of the body where you can radiate the heat, sweat, the sweat evaporates & carries heat away with it – how you cool yourself down

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21
Q

what caries the blood in the nephron system

A

efferent arteriole

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22
Q

where does the filtration occur in the nephron system

A

glomerulus

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23
Q

A COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGE SYSTEM can only work if there is an

A

asymmetry in the system

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24
Q

In the case of the kidney, salts are being transported to

A

concentrate salts in the urine.

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25
Q

you are going to be able to conserve Water bc the more concentrated your urine is

A

the less water you are losing to your external environment, and the more you are retaining for yourself inside of your Body`

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26
Q

The reason we lose water in our urine is bc

A

some of the Waste Products that we are creating (like Protein breakdown) have to be dissolved in a solution in order for you to get rid of them so matter what you have to lose some water in order to get rid of some of the waste

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27
Q

the distal convulated tubule is a peice that?

A

afferent and efferent arterioles

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28
Q

Papilla is where

A

all the collecting ducts are emptying

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29
Q

after urine drians into the renal papila it drians into the ____ next?

A

minor calyx

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30
Q

there is a Mass of Cells at the Junction of the Arterioles in the DCT referred to as

A

apparatus

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31
Q

The major component of Blood is

A

plasma

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32
Q

the major component of plasma is

A

water

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33
Q

the major component of urine is

A

water

34
Q

The more water you have the pressure

A

increases

35
Q

the less water you have the pressure

A

decreases

36
Q

So when you are dehydrated and do not have as much water in your system meaning pressure ____? What responds to it?

A

pressure decreases

Apparatus responds

37
Q

Bowman’s Capsule / Glomerulus Capsule

A

has particular cells that are creating the lining

38
Q

Filtration slits

A

Cells have extensions and the extensions coming off of the cells have gaps in between

39
Q

Through the Filtration Slits you have access to the one layer

A

the Endothelium of the Capillary Wall

40
Q

Why is the water flowing in that direction / what is driving it?

A

In essence, there is a little bit higher pressure inside of the Vessel than the outside of the Lumen
Goes from the Lumen of the Blood Vessel into the Lumen of the Bowman’s Capsule and when that happens it carries dissolved substances with it

41
Q

what you are trying to carry out of the Blood is? and into?

A

waste products and into the Lumen of the Bowman’s Capsule

42
Q

Inside of the Bowman’s Capsule is? and goes to?

A

not urine yet but Filtrate – water with dissolved Solutes in it and it goes to the PCT

43
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A

initiate concentration of glomerular filtrate

44
Q

About __% of ____ removed by ___ transport here, and ____ follows passively.

A

75% of sodium is removed by active transport and chloride follows

45
Q

Remaining fluid in nephron tube is about same concentration as that of surrounding ____.

A

interstiatial fluid

46
Q

Remaining fluid reduces to about __% original volume

A

25%

47
Q

What gives you a better opportunity to remove Waste Products

A

multiple filters so nothing gets clogged

48
Q

We have created a filtrate which is inside of the _______ of the Nephron

A

Lumen of the tubules

49
Q

What is in the Lumen is now (for all intends and purposes) ____ of your BODY

A

outside

50
Q

If you are taking something like Water, fluid, salt, etc. and you take it out of the Lumen

A

you have filtered it and pushed it in to the Lumen with Water Pressure, Fluid Pressure, etc. now it is on the outside of your Body

51
Q

if you then take some of the Fluid back into your Body that is called

A

reabsorption

52
Q

*Na has a ___charge, Cl has a ___charge and how do they work together?

A

*Na+ has a positive charge, Cl- has a negative charge
they are attracted to each other so when you actively remove the Na+ and you reabsorb the Na+ the Cl- is going to passively follow bc it is attracted to the Na+ so you are also going to reabsorb Cl-

53
Q

loops of henle

A

Acts in manner of counter current exchanger

54
Q

Note that each limb of loop has

A

fluid moving in opposite directions (even thought hey are connected at one end)

55
Q

loops of henle further concentrates?

A

urine

56
Q

Also means that salt concentration will be highest near ______.

A

bend in the loop

57
Q

Ascending loop of henle put salts into?

A

interstiaital space

58
Q

A concentration gradient IN THE INTERSTITIAL SPACE is being set up by the _____.

A

chloride transport

59
Q

The Water is going to go out of the Lumen of the Tube and it goes into the Interstitial of the Medulla
When that happens what happens to the concentration of the Water?

A

The solution gets more concentrated but not as concentrated than what is in the Interstitial of the Medulla, the Medulla is also getting more concentrated bc we already used the Ascending Limb to create / set up the Concentration Gradient
You are still going to reabsorb Water

60
Q

Concentrate the Solution because you reabsorb Water, gets more and more concentrated and by the time you get to the Bottom of the Loop of Henle it is?
and the rate is?

A

the most concentrates

the rate is the fastest

61
Q

As you go up the Ascending Loop of Henle, the rate of transfer

A

slows down ( the lowest rate of transfer & the lowest concentration getting pumped out)

62
Q

whats the second chance to excrete/ get rid of waste products

A

DCT

63
Q

In the DCT the gradient is in the?

A

interstial

64
Q

The DCT is affecting the?

A

descending limb bc wate ris permeable there

65
Q

If you make the system (Loop of Henle) longer, then you are going to be able to

A

concentrate urine even more

66
Q

Second opportunity to concentrate

A

collecting duct

67
Q

Once it comes out of the Collecting Duct, now you will not be able to?
what you produce there is?

A

concentrate it anymore

what you produce there is as concentrated as you are going to make the urine / not filtering it out anymore

68
Q

Collecting ducts recieves from many?

A

distal convulted tubules

69
Q

By setting up a countercurrent system, a salt concentration gradient is set up in the

A

interstitial space of the Medulla

70
Q

lower conc. next to the?

A

Cortex

71
Q

As fluid in collecting tubules reacts to concentration gradient, water is ____, concentrating filtrate as ____.

A

pulled out

concentrating filtrate as urine

72
Q

part that contains the convoluted tubules and proximal part of Loop of Henle, and proximal part of collecting tubules

A

cortex

73
Q

contains distal part of Loop of Henle, and distal part of collecting tubules. Where most of the active transport takes place.

A

medulla

74
Q

Kidneys are intimately tied to?

A

fluid regulation (water balance), and therefore blood pressure regulation

75
Q

The way you increase Blood Volume is by increasing the amount of

A

water that is in your blood

76
Q

The Amount of water to be removed or retained is controlled in part by the

A

kidneys

77
Q

water gain is?

A

Ingested food and fluid; metabolic water

78
Q

water loss

A

urine, feces, sweat, evaporation at lungs or skin.

79
Q

Urine production controls

A

how much water you are going to lose in your urine affecting water balance

80
Q

In regards to urine production, the most important hormone is

A

ADH (anti diuretic hormone)

81
Q

ADH makes the DCT and collecting duct ___permeable to_____?

A

MORE permeable to water

82
Q

Diuresis

Anti

A

– increasing urination / more urine,

– not going to produce as much urination

Bio 224 (6 decks)

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