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LING 100b > Chapter 13: Neurolinguistics > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Neurolinguistics Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Neurolinguistics

A

The study of how language is represented in the brain

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2
Q

The brain is composed of how many nerve cells?

A

10 billion

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3
Q

Each neuron can be directly linked with up to ___ others

A

10,000

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4
Q

Which brain structures are shared by almost all animals?

A

The lower brain structures that are closer to the spinal cord

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5
Q

The cortex

A

The outermost layer of the human brain

Absent in some reptiles

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6
Q

The cortex is ____ on itself to increase ____

A

Folded; surface area

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7
Q

Sulcus

A

The inward part of a cortical fold

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8
Q

Gyrus

A

The outward part of a cortical fold

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9
Q

Fissures

A

Deep sulci

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10
Q

Longitudinal Fissures

A

Separate the cerebral hemispheres

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11
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Bundle of nerve fibres cerebral hemispheres

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12
Q

T/F

Left and right cerebral hemispheres are anatomically and functionally separate

A

True

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13
Q

Cerebral hemispheres control which functions of the body?

A

Contralateral functions

= those on the opposite side

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14
Q

The Left hemisphere controls

A

Analytical abilities

E.g. arithmetic

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15
Q

The Right hemisphere controles

A

Holistic tasks

E.g. recognition of faces

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16
Q

Who is left-lateralized for language?

A

Most right-handed people

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17
Q

Removal of a right-handed person’s left hemisphere causes

A

An inability to process complex syntactic pattern, although they retain some comprehension ability

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18
Q

Removal of a right-handed person’s right hemisphere causes

A

Difficulty understanding jokes and metaphors

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19
Q

Left-handed people tend to be less ____ for language

A

Lateralized

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20
Q

The hemispheres are divided into ____

A

Lobes

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21
Q

Where is the central sulcus?

A

Behind the frontal lobe and in front of the parietal lobe

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22
Q

Where is the Sylvian fissure?

A

Above the temporal lobe, separates it from the frontal/parietal lobes

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23
Q

Where is the occipital lobe?

A

Behind the parietal lobe

Is not separated by a fissure

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24
Q

What poses a special challenge for the neuroscience of language?

A

The absence of straightforward animal models

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25
Autopsy Study
- A living patient is studied, and after death the brain damage is recorded
26
Computerized Axial Tomography (CT scan)
Uses X-rays to provide a 3D static image of the brain to identify lesions and tumours
27
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Uses a radioactive traced to track glucose absorption in the brain, which is higher in areas of activity
28
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Uses a powerful magnet to measure blood deoxygenation, with no radioactive tracer
29
Magnetoencephlography (MEG)
Uses sensors to measure tiny magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp Non-invasive Good spatial and temporal resolution
30
Which hemisphere is primarily responsible for language?
The left hemisphere
31
When is Broca's area activated?
During speech
32
When are the occipital lobe and angular gyrus active?
During reading
33
How does processing an L2 affect the brain?
It activates a wider variety of cortical areas than an L1 | = L2 processing involves diverse mental processes
34
Dichotic Listening
Presents different auditory stimuli to each ear
35
Finding from dichotic listening
A right ear advantage arises for words, numbers, morse code | A left ear advantage arises for melodies and environmental sounds
36
Split-brain experiments
Severing the corpus callosum (separating the hemispheres) Demonstrate that the right hemisphere is mute Eg. a blindfolded patient can name an object in their right hand, but not their left
37
Aphasia
The loss of language ability resulting from brain damage | Usually caused by a stroke
38
What is the prevalence of aphasia?
More than 1 million people in North America Equally common in men and women More likely to occur after 50
39
Non-fluent (motor) Aphasia
Caused by damage to the frontal lobe | - Global and Broca's aphasia
40
Global Aphasia
Most severe form of non-fluent aphasia Damage to the frontal lobe Results in muteness
41
Broca's Aphasia
Type of non-fluent aphasia Damage to the lower posterior portion of the left frontal lobe (Broca's area) Results in dysprosody (abnormal intonation) and phonemic paraphasias (producing segments rather than full words)
42
Dysprosody
The absence of normal sentence intonation
43
Phonemic Paraphasias
The substitution of a word with a nonword that preserves part of its segments
44
Broca's Aphasics tend to omit
Function words and inflectional affixes | = deep deficit, not just articulatory
45
Telegraphic speech
Speech reduced to nouns and verbs
46
Broca's Aphasics tend to have difficulty
1. Judging grammaticality | 2. Interpreting passives
47
Broca's Aphasics still have control over
Muscles used in speech production
48
Broca's area does not seem to be involved in ____ relationships in language
Semantic
49
Broca's aphasics are ___ aware of their language defecit
Typically
50
Fluent (sensory) Aphasia
There is no difficulty in producing language, but the content that is produced is disordered - Wernicke's Aphasia
51
Wernicke's Aphasia
Damage to the upper posterior portion of the left temporal lobe (Wernicke's area)
52
Jargon Aphasia
Severe form of Wernicke's aphasia Phonemes are randomly selected Speech has correct intonation, but few recognizable words
53
Wernicke's aphasics lack
Coherent trains of thought
54
Wernicke's aphasics have difficulty
Doing sequenced tasks | Eg. buying groceries or doing laundry
55
Wernicke's aphsics are ___ aware of their disorder
Not
56
Acquired Dyslexia
Impairment of reading ability following brain damage
57
Acquired Dysgraphia
Impairment of writing ability following brain damage
58
Paragraphia
When writing, Broca's aphasics often omit the letters corresponding to sounds they would omit in speech
59
Broca's aphasics are ___ at silent reading and ___ when reading aloud
Good; telegraphic
60
Wernicke's aphasics have ___ spelling & handwriting and their writing is ____
Unclear and makes little sense
61
The reading comprehansion of Wernicke's aphasics is
Severely impaired
62
When acquired reading and writing deficits occur on their own, they usually follow damage to
The angular gyrus
63
English orthography requires what 2 kinds of knowledge?
1. Spelling-to-sound rules | 2. Recognition of whole words
64
Phonological Dyslexia
Loss of ability to use spelling-to-sound rules | Can only read familiar words
65
Reading the words 'ble' and 'bug' rather than 'blug' is a symptom of
Phonological dyslexia
66
Surface dyslexia
Loss of ability to recognize whole words Overregularize the pronunciation of irregular words Comprehend words by pronunciation rather than spelling
67
Broca's aphasics will produce the ___ form of a morpheme rather than the ___
Unrestricted; allomorph | e.g. illegal > inlegal
68
Deep Dyslexia
Produce words that are semantically related to a word they are asked to read Eg. mother > father = evidence for semantic organization of the lexicon
69
Aggrammatism
The absence of certain grammatical abilities | Occurs in Broca's aphasics
70
What words are typically omitted by Broca's aphasics
it, is, to, a | functional words
71
Lexical categories
Categories of content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives)
72
Default Strategy
Used by Broca's aphasics to help process passives | Treating first NP as an agent
73
What strategy do Broca's Aphasics use to find the meanings of reversible passives
Guessing | Eg. The cat was chased by the dog

LING 100b (6 decks)

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