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A&P 1 > Chapter 13: Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity Flashcards

1
Q

PNS includes all neural structures…

A

OUTSIDE the CNS

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2
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

structures specialized to detect stimuli

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3
Q

Sensory receptors are classified by…

A

type of stimulus detected; location of stimulus; receptor structure

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4
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

detect touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

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5
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

detect temperature changes

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6
Q

Photoreceptors

A

detect wavelengths of light

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7
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

detect chemicals in a solution

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8
Q

Nociceptors

A

detect damaging stimuli (pain receptors)

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9
Q

Exteroceptors

A

detect external stimuli; found near body surface, within skin and special senses

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10
Q

Interoceptors

A

aka visceroceptors; detect interval stimuli; located within viscera and blood vessels

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11
Q

Proprioceptors

A

detect internal stimuli originating within muscles, tendons, joints, and ligaments; monitor degree of stretch

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12
Q

Receptors for the Special Senses

A

receptors for the special senses; specialized cells located in the head; found within complex sense organs

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13
Q

Receptors for General Senses

A

modified dendrites of sensory neurons; widely distributed in body; are either nonencapsulated (free) or encapsulated

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14
Q

Free Nerve Endings of Sensory Neurons

A

nonencapsulated; location- extroceptors, interoceptors, and proprioceptors; stimulus type- thermoceptors (warm and cool), chemoceptors (itch, pH, etc), mechanoreceptors (pressure), nociceptors (pain); body location- most body tissues; most dense in connective tissues and epithelia

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15
Q

Modified Free Nerve Endings

A

epithelial tactile complexes (Merkel cells and discs); nonencapsulated; location- exteroceptors; Stimulus type- mechanoreceptors (light pressure), slowly adapting; body location- basal layer of epidermis

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16
Q

Hair Follicle Receptors

A

nonencapsulated; location- exteroceptors; stimulus type- mechanoreceptors (hair deflection), rapidly adapting; body location- surrounding hair follicles

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17
Q

Tactile (Meissner’s) Corpuscles

A

encapsulated; location- exteroceptors; stimulus type- mechanoreceptors (light pressure, discriminative touch,vibration of low frequency), rapidly adapting; body location- dermal papillae of hairless skin, particulary nipples, external genitalia, fingertips, soles of feet, eyelids

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18
Q

Lamellar (Pacinian) Corpuscles

A

encapsulated; location- exteroceptors, interoceptors, and proprioceptors; stimulus type- mechanoreceptors (deep pressure, stretch, vibration of high frequency), rapidly adapting; body location- dermis and hypodermis; periostea, mesentery, tendons, ligaments, joint capsules; most abundant on fingers, soles of feet, external genitalia, nipples

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19
Q

Bubous Corpuscles (Ruffini Endings)

A

encapsulated; location- exteroceptors and proproceptors; stimulus type- mechanoreceptors (deep pressure and stretch), slowly or nonadapting; body location- deep in dermis, hypodermis, and joint capsules

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20
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

encapsulated; location- proprioceptors; stimulus type- mechanoreceptors (muscle strength, length); body location- skeltal muscles, particulary in the extremeiteis

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21
Q

Tendon Organs

A

encapsualted; location- proprioceptors; stimulus type- mechanoreceptors (tendon stretch, tension); body location- tendons

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22
Q

Joint Kinesthetic Receptors

A

encapsulated; location- proprioceptors; stimulus type- mechanoreceptors and nociceptors; body location- joint capsules of synovial joints

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23
Q

Processing of Sensory Information

A

occurs at 3 levels; receptor level, circuit level, and perceptual level

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24
Q

Receptor Level (1)

A

sensation (awareness of a stimulus) occurs when sensory receptor responds to a stimulus; sensory receptor transduces (converts) stimulus energy into electrical energy of an action potential; most sensory receptors exhibit adaptations (diminished sensitivity to a constand stimulus) ; which allows the body to ignore unimportant info

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25
Q

What are the exceptions to adaptations?

A

nociceptors and proproceptors are non adaptive because of the protective importance of their info

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26
Q

Circuit Level (2)

A

ascending pathways route impulses to appropriate region of cerebral cortex

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27
Q

Perceptual Level (3)

A

preception (conscious interpretation of a stimulus) occurs; brain organizes and interprets info

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28
Q

What is referred pain?

A

pain stimuli originating in one part of the body are perceived by the brian to come from another part of the body; occurs bc visceral sensory neurons travel along the same pathways as somatic sensory neurons (brain gets confused)

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29
Q

Structure of Nerves

A

bundles of Axons in the PNS encased within connective tissue wrappings; epineurium: around nerve; perineurium: around fascicle; endoneurium: around each axon

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30
Q

Nerve Classification

A

based on where they originate; cranial nerves- originate from brain; spinal nerves- originate from spinal cord; based on direction of impulse: sensory (afferent) nerves conduct impulses toward CNS; motor (efferent) nerves conduct impulses away from CNS; mixed nerve contain both afferent and efferent fibers (Most nerves are mixed-> all spinal nerves are)

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31
Q

Regeneration of Nerve Axons

A

damaged CNS axons cannot regenerate (oligodendrites suppress axon regeneration); damaged PNS axons can but ONLY if the cell body remains intact

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32
Q

ADD REGENERATION CHART

A
33
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 (I-XII)

34
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A

I; filaments in teh olfactory mucosa that synapse with the olfactory bulb; sensory nerve (no motor); transmit afferent impulses for sense of smell; fracture of ethmoid bone may result in anosmia (loss of smell)

35
Q

Optic Nerves

A

II; sensory (no motor); transmit afferent impulses for sense of vision; damage to optic nerve results in vision being lost in the respective eye; damage beyond optic chiasma results in reduced vision in BOTH eyes

36
Q

Oculomotor Nerves

A

III; motor nerves (no sensory); transmit somatic (skeletal) motor impulses to 4 extrinsic eye muscles (superior, inferior, and lateral rectus and inferior oblique); transmit autonomic motor impulses to sphincter pupillae of iris and ciliary muscles of lens (intrinsic); if damaged, eye can not move up, down or inward; exhibits diplopia (double vision); trouble focusing on close objects

37
Q

Trochlear Nerve

A

IV; motor nerve; transmit somatic motor impulses for superior oblique muscles of the eye; if damaged, eye cannot rotate inferolateraly; exhibits diploplia

38
Q

Trigeminal Nerve

A

V; both (mixed;sensory and motor); transmits sensory impulses from cornea, face, and teeth; transmit motor impulses to muscles of mastication (chewing); inflammation of trigeminal nerve (trigeminalneuroglia); prodcues most excruciating pain known

39
Q

Abducens Nerves

A

VI; motor; transmit motor impulses to lateral rectus muscle of eyes; if abducens damaged, eye cannot be moved laterally

40
Q

Facial Nerves

A

VII; both (sensory and motor; mixed); transmit sensory impulses from taste buds in anterior 2/3 of tongue; transmit somatic motor impulses to muscles of facial expression; transmits autonomic motor impulses to lacrimal glands (tears) and submandibular and sublingual salivary glands; inlfammation of facial nerve (bells palsy) believed to be caused by herpes simplex I viral infection

41
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerves

A

VIII; both (mostly sensory though); transmit afferent impulses for sense of equlibrium (vestibular) nerve and sense of hearing (cochlear nerve); damage to vestibular nerve results in dizziness, loss of balance, nausea and vomiting; damage to cochlear nerve results in sensorineural deafness

42
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

A

IX; both; transmit sensory impulses from taste buds in posterior 1/3 of tongue and pharynx; transmits somatic motor impulses to swallowing muscle; damage to nerve impairs swallowing and taste; transmit autonomic motor impulses to parotid salivary glandsV

43
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

X; only cranial nerve that leaves the head; both; transmit sensory impulses from thoracic and abdominal viscera; transmit somatic motor impulses to larynx and muscle of pharyns (swallowing); transmit autonomic motor impulses to thoracic and abdominal viscera; damage to vagus nerve results in hoarseness or loss of voice, difficulty swallowing and impaired digestive motility

44
Q

Accessory Nerves

A

XI; motor; transmits somatic motor impulses to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius; damage to nerve causes head to turn toward injured side; only “cranial” nerve that doesnt originate form te brain (originates from spinal cord)

45
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve

A

XII; motor; transmit somatic motor impulses to tongue muscles involved with chewing, speaking, and swallowing; if one nerve is damaged, tongue deviates toward affected side; if both nerves damaged can not protrude tongue

46
Q

Mnemonic for Remembering the Order of the Cranial Nerves

A

Only One Of The Two Athletes Felt Very Good Victorious And Healthy

47
Q

Mnemonic for Remembering which Cranial Nerves are Sensory, Motor, or Both

A

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Believes (its) Bad Business (to) Marry Money

48
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 pairs (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccyx); all are mixed (sensory and motor neurons)

49
Q

Ventral Roots

A

contain motor (efferent) fibers

50
Q

Dorsal Roots

A

contain sensory (afferent) fibers

51
Q

Dorsal and Ventral Roots…

A

merge to form spinal nerve (mixed)

52
Q

Spinal Nerves Branches to…

A

form a dorsal ramus and ventral ramus

53
Q

Rami Communicantes

A

contains autonomic (visceral) nerve fibers

54
Q

Dorsal Rami

A

mixed; supply skeletal muscles and skin of posterior trunk

55
Q

Ventral Rami

A

T2-T12 form intercostal nerves taht go between ribs

56
Q

Ventral Rami of cervical, lumbar and sacral nerves…

A

form nerve plexuses (interlacing nerve networks)

57
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

formed from ventral rami of C1-C4 nerves; phrenic nerve stimulates diaphragm to contract

58
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

formed from C5-T1 nerves; axillary nerve stimulates deltoid muscle; radial nerve stimulates posterior muscles in arm and forearm; musculocutaneous nerve stimulates flexor muscles in anterior arm; ulnar nerve stimulates flexor muscles in anterior forearm; median nerve stimulates flexor muscles in anterior forearm

59
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

formed from ventral rami of L1-L4 nerves; femoral nerves stimulates anterior muscles of the thigh; obturator nerve stimulates adductor muscles of medial thigh

60
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

formed from ventral rami of L4-S4 nerves; sciatic nerve branches to form common fibular nerve and tibial nerve; common fibular nerve stimulates fibular muscles of lateral leg and tibialis anterior; tibial nerve stimulates posterior muscle of thigh, leg, and foot

61
Q

Dermatomes

A

cutaneous branches of all spinal nerves except C1 innervate dermatomes; each dermatome is innervated by a single spinal nerve; dermatomes are used to pinpoint region of spinal cord injury

62
Q

PNS motor endings…

A

connect motor neurons to effectors

63
Q

Innervation of Skeletal Muscles

A

somatic motor nerve endings split to form multiple axon terminals; synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine

64
Q

Innervation of Smooth Muscles and Glands

A

autonomic motor neurons branch forming multiple varicosities (knoblike swellings containing mitochondria and synaptic vesicles) along its length; synaptic vesicles release acetylchline OR norepinephrine that diffuses across a wide synaptic cleft

65
Q

Processing of Motor Informatino

A

occurs at three levels; segmental, projection, precommand

66
Q

Segmental Level

A

lowest; involves spinal cord; consists of reflexes and central pattern generators (CPGs) that stimulate groups of muscles—> networks of cells that produce rythmic outputs in the absence of brain or sensory inputs (like walking)

67
Q

Projection Level

A

involves primary motor cortex and brain stem nuclei; conveys instructions to spinal cord motor neurons via projection fibers and sends a copy of that info to the precommand level

68
Q

Precommand Level

A

highest; involves cerebellum and basal nuclei; modulates outputs of the precommand area; permits desired movements; prevents unwanted movements; refines moto plans from motor cortex on detailed sensory input

69
Q

Reflex Activity

A

inborn (innate) reflexes are rapid, predictable responses to stimuli; learned (acquired) reflexes result from practice or repetition; test reflexes to determine if motor connects between CNS and effector are intact; somatic reflexes activated skeletal muscles (somatic reflex arc) ;autonomic (visceral) reflexes activate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands

70
Q

Spinal Reflexes

A

somatic reflexes mediated by spinal cord; such as stretch reflex, tendon reflex, flexor (withdrawal) reflex, abdominal reflex, plantar reflex

71
Q

Stretch Reflex

A

initiates skeletal muscle contraction in response to increased muscle stretch; all are monosynaptic and ipsilateral; ie patellar reflex

72
Q

Patellar Reflex

A

knee jerk reflex; stimulus: hitting the patellar ligament, receptor: muscle spindle, integration center: spinal cord, effector: quadriceps muscle

73
Q

Reciprocal Inhibition

A

relaxing the muscle that is the antagonist of the muscle being stretched; hamstrings in patellar reflex (ADD BETTER DEFINITION)

74
Q

Tendon Reflex

A

initiates relaxation and lengthening of skeletal muscles in response to muscle tension (NOT stretch); all are polysynaptic and ipisilateral; opposite of patellar reflex

75
Q

RECIPRICAL ACTIVATION

A
76
Q

ADD PARTS OF TENDON REFLEX

A
77
Q

Flexor Reflex

A

withdrawal reflex; initiates withdrawal of a body part in response to pain; poly synaptic and ipsilateral; usually accompanied by the crossed extensor reflex which stimulates extensors on oppostite side to contract (polysynaptic and contralateral)

78
Q

Abdominal Reflex

A

superficial reflex initiated by stroking skin above, lateral, or below the umbilicus; abdominal muscles contract moving umbilicus toward stimulated area; tests integrity of spinal cord from T8 to T12

79
Q

Plantar Reflex

A

superficial reflex initiated by drawing a blunt object from heel to toe; initiates flexion (curling) of toes; tests integrity of spinal cord from L4-S2; Babinskis sign (abnormal response) indicates damage to motor areas of brains or spinal cord

A&P 1 (16 decks)

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