chapter 13 personality

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

a person’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Question 2

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

Answer 2

proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality. Humanistic approach focused on our inner capacities for growth and self fulfillment

Question 3

free association

Answer 3

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
allows us to retrace line of dominoes and follow the chain of thought leading into unconscious mind where memories could be retrieved and released

Question 4

Psychoanalysis

Answer 4

freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Question 5

Unconscious mind

Answer 5

according to freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. some thoughts are store temporarily in the preconscious area from which we can retrieve them into conscious awareness

Question 6

repress

Answer 6

forcibly block from our consciousness because they would be too unsettling to acknowledge - these strong feelings influence us

Question 7

manifest content

Answer 7

content of a memory

Question 8

latent content

Answer 8

what the content represents

Question 9

ID. opinions on sex and cake?

Answer 9

contains a reservoir of unconscious energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. it operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Question 10

ego. opinons on sex and cake?

Answer 10

the largely conscious “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, meditates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality, the ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Question 11

SUPEREGO. opinion on sex and cake?

Answer 11

the part of personality that, according to freud represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (conscience) and for future aspirations

Question 12

psychosexual stages

Answer 12

stages children pass through during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure sensitive areas called erogenous zones

Question 13

oedipus complex / electra

Answer 13

during phallic stage boys seek genital stimulation ( jealous of father and desire for mother) boy experiences guilt and fear of punishment from father

Question 14

identification process

Answer 14

process which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
children’s superegos gain strength as they incorporate many of their parents’ values

Question 15

gender identity

Answer 15

children identify with same sex parent to get our sense of being male or female

Question 16

fixation

Answer 16

lingering focus on pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved. seeks gratification by smoking, excessive eating

Question 17

defense mechanisms

Answer 17

ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality (7)

Question 18

repression

Answer 18

banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness\
it underlies all other defense mechanisms
its incomplete and seeps our of dreams and tongue

Question 19

regression

Answer 19

when faced with anxiety the person retreats to a infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
thumb sucking, homesickness

Question 20

reaction formation

Answer 20

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. thus people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety arousing unconscious feelings
unacceptable impulses turn opposite
i hate you become i love you

Question 21

projection

Answer 21

people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
he doesn’t trust me becomes i don’t trust myself / him

Question 22

rationalization

Answer 22

offers self justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for ones actions
alcoholics say they drink just to be social
people that don’t study say that working makes you dull

Question 23

displacement

Answer 23

shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
children who fear parents will kick their dog
students who are mad at test yell at their roommate

Question 24

denial

Answer 24

people refuse to believe or perceive painful realities
reject fact or seriousness
dying patients deny gravity of sickness
spouses deny proof of partner’s affair

Question 25

projective tests

Answer 25

personality test such as Rorschach or TAT that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics psychological xray

Question 26

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Answer 26

projective test where people express inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes storytelling assesses motivation

Question 27

Rorschach inkblot test

Answer 27

most widely used projective test 10 inkblots that identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations not very reliable

Question 28

the unconscious involves

Answer 28

schemas that control perceptions and interpretations priming by stimuli split brain theory parallel processing of different aspects of vision implicit memories emotions that activate before analysis self concept and stereotypes that influence our opinions

Question 29

false consensus effect

Answer 29

tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors people who cheat think everyone else cheats

Question 30

terror management theory

Answer 30

theory of death related anxiety explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

Question 31

humanistic psychologists

Answer 31

focus on ways healthy people strive for self determination and realization think that secure nondefensive self acceptance is the first step to loving others people think humanistic psychology is naive because it leaves out our capacity for evil

Question 32

Maslow - self actualization

Answer 32

ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self esteem is achieved, the motivation to fulfill one’s potential. maslow studied healthy, creative people, secure

Question 33

Rogers - unconditional positive regard

Answer 33

attitude of total acceptance toward another person | we are accepting and empathic

Question 34

self concept

Answer 34

all of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answering “who am i” if we fall short of our ideals we are unhappy assessed by questionnaire, what people want and what people are

Question 35

traits

Answer 35

characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act as assessed by self report inventories and peer reports people’s characteristic behaviors and conscious motives

Question 36

factor analysis

Answer 36

statistical procedure that identifies clusters of test items that tap basic components of intelligence

Question 37

brain imaging procedure show

Answer 37

intelligence, impulsivity, cravings, lying, sexual attraction

Question 38

extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is

Answer 38

low

Question 39

autonomic nervous system reactivity

Answer 39

we respond to stress with greater anxiety and inhibition | fearless child becomes fast driving adventurous adult

Question 40

personality inventories

Answer 40

questionnaire true/false, agree/disagree, which people respond to items designed to gauge a range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits longer and cover wide range of feelings and behaviors assess several traits at once

Question 41

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI

Answer 41

most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests developed to identify emotional disorders, now used for many screening purposes asses more “abnormal” personality tendencies

Question 42

empirically derived test | like MMPI

Answer 42

developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups “nothing in the newspaper interests me except comics” - true ...etc...

Question 43

``` table 13.2!!! Conscientiousness Agreeableness Neuroticism (emotional stability vs. instability) Openess Extraversion ```

Question 44

traits are

Answer 44

the traits are stable with age people mature and become more agreeable traits are about 50% hereditary the big 5 predict other personal attributes

Question 45

Personality stability

Answer 45

with age, personality traits become more stable careers, relationships, interests change but people recognize their traits stable but not always constant