Chapter 13- Social Psychology

Question 2

social psychology

Answer 2

the study of the causes and consequences of sociality.

Question 3

social behavior

Answer 3

how people interact with each other

Question 4

social influence

Answer 4

how people change each other

Question 5

social cognition

Answer 5

how people understand each other

Question 6

aggression

Answer 6

behavior whose purpose is to harm another

Question 7

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 7

animals aggress when and only when their goals are frustrated.

Question 8

cooperation

Answer 8

behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit

Question 9

group

Answer 9

a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others

Question 10

prejudice

Answer 10

a positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership

Question 11

discrimination

Answer 11

a positive or negative behavior toward another person based on their group membership

Question 12

deindividuation

Answer 12

when immersion in a group causes people to become less concerned with their personal values

Question 13

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 13

individuals feel diminished responsibility for their actions because they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

Question 14

altruism

Answer 14

behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself

Question 15

kin selection

Answer 15

the process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

Question 16

reciprocal altruism

Answer 16

behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

Question 17

mere exposure effect

Answer 17

the tendency for the frequency of exposure to a stimulus to increase liking

Question 18

passionate love

Answer 18

an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction

Question 19

companionate love

Answer 19

an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well-being

Question 20

social exchange

Answer 20

the hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits

Question 21

comparison level

Answer 21

the cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship

Question 22

equity

Answer 22

a state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal

Question 23

social influence

Answer 23

the ability to control another person’s behavior

Question 24

the hedonic motive

Answer 24

people are motivated to experience pleasure and to avoid experiencing pain

Question 25

the approval motive

Answer 25

people are motivated to be accepted and to avoid being rejected

Question 26

the accuracy motive

Answer 26

people are motivated to believe what is right and to avoid believing what is wrong

Question 27

norms

Answer 27

customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture

Question 28

normative influence

Answer 28

another person’s behavior provides information about what is appropriate

Question 29

norm of reciprocity

Answer 29

the unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them

Question 30

door-in-the-face technique

Answer 30

a strategy that uses reciprocating concessions to influence behavior

Question 31

conformity

Answer 31

the tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it

Question 32

obedience

Answer 32

the tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do

Question 33

attitude

Answer 33

an enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or even

Question 34

belief

Answer 34

an enduring pieve of knowledge about an object or event

Question 35

informational influence

Answer 35

another person’s behavior provides information about what is good or right

Question 36

persuasion

Answer 36

a person’s attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person

Question 37

systematic persuasion

Answer 37

the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason

Question 38

heuristic persuasion

Answer 38

the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion

Question 39

foot-in-the-door technique

Answer 39

technique that involves a small request followed by a larger request

Question 40

cognitive dissonance

Answer 40

an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs

Question 41

social cognition

Answer 41

the processes by which people come to understand others

Question 42

stereotyping

Answer 42

the process by which we draw inferences about others based on knowledge of the categories to which they belong

Question 43

perceptual confirmation

Answer 43

the tendency for people to see what they expect to see

Question 44

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 44

the tendency for people to cause what they expect to see

Question 45

subtyping

Answer 45

the tendency for people who are faced with disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them

Question 46

attributions

Answer 46

inferences about the causes of people’s behaviors

Question 47

situational attributions

Answer 47

when we decide that a person’s behavior was caused by some temporary aspect of the situation

Question 48

dispositional attributions

Answer 48

when we decide that a person’s behavior was caused by his or her relatively enduring tendency to think, feel, or act in a particular wayc

Question 49

correspondance bias

Answer 49

the tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person’s behavior was caused by the situation

Question 50

actor-observer effect

Answer 50

the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviors of others