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Biology 1 > Chapter 13: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 13: The Nervous System Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Neurons

A

Signal generators and conductors

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2
Q

Neuorglia

A

Support and nourish neurons

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3
Q

Neuron Types

A

Sensory, motor, and interneuron

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4
Q

Neuron Parts

A

Cell body, dendrites, and axons.

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5
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Special neurogila cells called SCHWANN CELLS in peripheral nerves. Develops when these cells wrap themselves around an axon many times.

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6
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps where there is no myelin sheath.

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7
Q

Function of Myelin Sheath

A

Speed up signal transmission. Located on long axons

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8
Q

Nerve Signals

A

Within cell is electrical. Voltage comes from charge difference across membrane. Ions have charge and may cross membrane.

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9
Q

Steps of Nerve Impulse

A
  1. Resting cell ready to “fire”
  2. Action Potential (starts when threshold crossed)
  3. Gated channels open
  4. Depolarization
  5. Repolarization
  6. Refactory Period
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10
Q

Step one of nerve impulse: Resting neuron

A

Charge difference (inside membrane is more negative than outside), Na+ ions more outside than the inside, and K+ ions are more on the inside than the outside.

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11
Q

Step two of nerve impulse: Action potential

A

Wave of membrane depolarization followed by repolarization
Cell is stimulated
Threshold must be reached, then cell “fires”
Gated Na+ channels open
(All or nothing signal)

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12
Q

Step 3 of nerve impulse: Gated Na+ Channels open

A

Na+ enters the cell

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13
Q

Step 4 of nerve impulse: Depolarization

A

Inside of membrane becomes positively charged

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14
Q

Step 5 of nerve impulse: Repolarization

A

Returns charge difference. K+ channels open and K+ leaves cell. Causes gates to open in next channel. Signal moves as a wave down the nerve.

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15
Q

Restoration

A

Na+/ K+ pump uses energy to slowly return ions to original concentrate in and out of the cell.

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16
Q

Step 6 of nerve impulse: Refractory Period

A

Short length of time when cell cannot fire again

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17
Q

Frontal Part of the Brain

A

Primary motor area, speech, and prefrontal cortex.

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18
Q

Parietal Part of the Brain

A

Primary sensory area, taste

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19
Q

Temporal Part of the Brain

A

Language understanding, hearing, and olfaction

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20
Q

Occipital Part of the Brain

A

Vision and visual association

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21
Q

Nerve Signals

A

signals between cells are biochemical

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22
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between neurons consisting of the axon membrane, and the synaptic cleft

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23
Q

Synaptic cleft

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A

Small gap between presynaptic and postsynaptic cleft membranes of a synapse

24
Q

Neurotransmitters

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A

Chemical stored at the ends of axons that is responsible for transmission across a synapse. Binds to receptors in receiving cell membrane

25
Exciting
Open Na+ channels, increase chance of reaching action potential threshold
26
Inhibiting
Decrease change of action potential, make resting potential even more negative charge.
27
Central Nervous System
Integrates and coordinates all nervous functions. Brain & spinal cord Protected by Bones, Meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid (shock absorbing, support, nourishment.)
28
Grey matter
Neurons with nonmyelinated fibers
29
White Matter
Neurons with myelinated axons
30
Outer layer of the brain
Cerebral Cortex
31
Thalamus
Visual, auditory, and somatosensory information arrives here. Integrates and sends information into the appropriate parts in the cerebrum.
32
Hypothalamus
Essential to homeostasis. Regulates hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, and water balance.
33
Cerebellum
Sensory-motor coordination. (posture and balance)
34
Medulla Oblongata
Control of automatic functions (ex: breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure)
35
Pons
Connects the brain to the spinal cord
36
Lymbic System
Based on function not anatomy, emotional brain
37
RAS (Reticular Activating System)
Filters sensory input, activating center for cerebral cortex
38
Spinal Cord
Tube of neural tissue that is mostly white matter with grey in the center. Spinal nerves branch off to rest of the body
39
Functions of the spinal cord
Transmits messages to and from the brain, reflex center.
40
Reflex Center
Circuit faster than to brain. Receptor  sensory nerve  spinal grey matter interneuron  motor neuron  effector (e.g. muscle)
41
The Peripheral Nervous System
Nerves and ganglia (clusters of neurons & associated fibers) in rest of body, spinal cord and spread (groups of both sensory and motor nerves)
42
Somatic Nervous System
Sensory and voluntary motor functions
43
Autonomic Nervous System
Involuntary, automatic functions.
44
Sympathetic
Activation for emergency or stress
45
Parasympathetic
Relaxed everyday functioning
46
Psychoactive Drugs
Many chemicals affect the Central Nervous System. Mimic, block, or promote actions of neurotransmitters.
47
Alchohol
Depressant, short term relaxation, inhibition lowering, loss of coordination and concentration, slurred speech. Long term damage to brain and liver tissues.
48
Heroin
Depressant, highly addictive opiate drug that blocks pain, caused euphoria, and clouds mental functions. Death by convulsions or respiratory arrest common.
49
Cocaine
Stimulant, affects dopamine uptake, giving energy and rush. Sleeplessness, tremors, crashing, and depression, increased cardiac and respiratory arrest .
50
Headaches
Pain in muscles (e.g. tension headache) or blood vessels & meninges (e.g. migraine)
51
Stroke
Damage when the brain is deprived of blood
52
Epilepsy
Seizures due to excessive and abnormal cortical nerve cell activity in the brain. Different kinds of seizures, depending on amount & part of brain affected.
53
Multiple Sclerosis
Progressive destruction of myelin sheath in brain & spinal cord cells. SCLEROSES – hardened scars left behind. Short circuits or prevents nerve signals.Many losses of function (e.g. paralysis e.g. loss of senses like touch or vision).
54
Alzheimer's Disease
Loss of cells and Acetylcholine
55
Depression
Primary lack of serotonin. Also lack of Dopamine and Norepinephrine
56
Parkinson's Disease
Loss of dopamine

Biology 1 (5 decks)

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