Test 2: Chapters 5-8 Flashcards
(110 cards)
0
Q
Neutrophil
A
Glandular; first to respond to infection
Phagocytes- eating cells
1
Q
Sickle cell disease
A
Mutation caused misfolding of hemoglobin
Collapses RBCs to sickle cell shape; more likely to rupture
Pain, clotting, anemia
2
Q
Eosinophil
A
Glandular; not sure of role, increase of numbers during allergy reaction
Worm infection
3
Q
Basophil
A
Glandular; release histamine
4
Q
Lymphocyte
A
Agrandular; responsible for specific immunity response
5
Q
Monocyte
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Agrandular; largest size; phagocytes
6
Q
SCID: severe combined immunodeficiency disease
A
Missing enzyme leads to no lymphocytes
Cannot fight infections
Treat with injections or bone marrow transplant
7
Q
Leukemia
A
Cancer of white blood cells
Overproduction but lack of function
8
Q
Mononucleosis
A
Viral infection of lymphocytes
Remains in body for rest of life and can regenerate
9
Q
Blood clotting
A
Steps to stop blood flow after damage
Constrict vessel
Plug hole
10
Q
Ventricular systole
A
The ventricles contract and AV valves close while the SL valves open
11
Q
Atrial Systole
A
Atria contract and ventricles relaxed and AV valves open
12
Q
Atrium
A
Inflow
Left-from lungs
Right-from body
13
Q
Pericardium
A
Fibrous sac in the heart
14
Q
Systematic circuit
A
Oxygen rich blood is sent to the body and returns depleted
Left side of the heart
Aorta
Superior and inferior vena
15
Q
Veins
A
Carry blood to heart
16
Q
Venules
A
Smaller veins
Same 3 layers but much less muscle and connective tissue
Valves prevent back flow which can expand more
70% of blood in veins at one time
17
Q
Atrioventricular
A
Between the atria and the ventricles
18
Q
Atherosclerosis
A
The build up of plaque
Can lead to many clots
Increased blood pressure
19
Q
Arterioles
A
Smaller arteries with less elastic tissue
Control of blood pressure
20
Q
Homeostasis
A
Body’s ability to maintain constancy of internal environment
Maintained by negative feedback mechanisms
21
Q
Cardiovascular system
A
Heart and blood vessels circulate blood around body in a continued loop
Heart contracts to generate movement
Vessels transport between body and heart
Lymphatic system helps by returning fluids to blood from tissues
22
Q
Aneurysm
A
Ballooning of blood vessels
Harmful when it bursts
23
Q
Leukocytes
A
White blood cells
Less than 1% blood volume
Immune system
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Capillaries
```
Very small
Site of exchange with tissues
Only endothelium (very thin walls)
Large branched networks or "beds"
Control flow using pre capillary
```
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Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
45% blood volume
Oxygen transport
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Thrombocytes
Platelets
Less than 1% blood volume
Blood clotting
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Stroke
When blood flow to brain is blocked core arteriole ruptures and part of the brain dies from lack of oxygen
28
Blood
Connective tissue with cellular elements suspended in liquid matrix
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What are the functions of blood?
Transport- oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes
Protection- immune system and clotting
Regulation- Ph and temperature
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Myocardium
Cardiac muscle in the heart
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Endocardium
Smooth lining layer to reduce friction in the heart
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Pulmonary circuit
Oxygen poor blood sent to lungs and returns enriched
Right side of heart
Pulmonary artery and vein
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Arteries
Carry blood away from heart
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What are the 3 layers of the arteries?
Endothelium lining
Smooth muscle with elastic tissue
Connective tissue
35
Plasma
Straw colored liquid
55% of blood volume
Mostly water (91%)
Mainly solutes
36
What are the proteins of plasma?
Albumins- water balance
Globulins- transport and antibodies
Fibrinogen- clotting
37
Heart attack
When blood flow to heart is blocked and part of the muscle dies from lack of oxygen
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Ventricle
Output
Left-to body
Right-to lungs
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RBCs
Made in bone marrow
No nucleus when mature
Live 120 days(destroyed in liver and spleen)
40
Low platelet count
Bleeding, bruises, nosebleeds
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Hemophilia
Genetic disorder where one clotting factor deficient
Bleeding never clots
Now treat with injections
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Blood clots
Thrombus formation (stationary)
Embolus (moving)
Danger when blood flow is blocked
43
Blood types
Genetically determined
| Glycoproteins on cell surface recognized as antigens in other bodies
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The digestive system
Functions to break down ingested substances
Provides body with energy and building blocks
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The digestive tract
Ingestion, digestion, movement, absorption, and elimination
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What are the four tissue layers of the digestive tract?
Mucosa- inner mucous membrane layer modified according to the digestive organ
Submucosa- broad band of loose conn. tissue that contains nerves, blood, and lymphatic system
Lumen-central space
Muscularis- 2 layers of smooth muscle
Serosa-thin outer most tissue
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The mouth
Teeth- start digestion with tear and grind
Salivary Glands-release saliva -water, mucus, amylase enzyme
Tongue-control of food movement to swallow -taste buds
48
The stomach
A sac with 3 layers
Functions:
Food storage, liquefaction, protein digestion
49
Pharynx and esophagus
Voluntary and involuntary components to swallowing
Esophagus conducts food from the pharynx to the stomach
(Peristalsis)
50
Stomach digestion
Mechanical-muscle movement
| Chemical-gastric glad secretions
51
Gastric glands in mucosa secrete...
Hydrochloric acid
Mucus
Pepsin-breaks down proteins
Intrinsic factor-for later vitamin B absorption
52
Chyme
The product of liquefaction
| Released into limited amounts into small intestine
53
Stomach disorders
Heartburn-gastric juices in esophagus
| Ulcer-damage to lining by acid, bacterial cause
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Small intestine
Primary site of chemical digestion and absorption
| 3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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Why is there large surface area in the small intestine?
Folded mucosa, Villa and cell projections (microvilli)
56
Bile
Produced by liver, stored by gall bladder
Delivered to duodenum in small intestine
Breaks down fats
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How is blood carried from the intestines to the liver?
Hepatic portal vein
| Many liver functions (glucose levels, toxin processing, urea production)
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Hepatic veins
Carry blood to the rest of the circulatory system
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Gallstones
Precipitated cholesterol from bile
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Hepatitis
Inflammation of liver
61
Cirrhosis
Building up of fat, then scar tissue
| Can be caused by alcoholism
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Large Intestine
```
Parts:
Cecum
Colon-ascending, transverse, descending
Rectum
Anal Canal
```
63
Whats absorbed in the large intestine?
90% remaining water
Na+ and K+
Vitamins from bacteria
-K and B complex -importance of intestinal microbial community
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Diverticulosis
Mucosa pushes through other layers; pouched may get inflamed
65
IBD
Inflammatory bowel disease in submusosa; diarrhea, pain, fever, weight loss
66
IBS
Irritable bowel syndrome- pain, constipation, diarrhea associated with muscularis
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Appendicitis
inflammation of appendix
| Complications when it ruptures
68
Hemorrhoids
Enlarged and inflamed blood vessels of anus
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Colon Cancer
Often caught when detect precancerous polyps with colonoscopy
70
What makes a healthy diet?
Average 2400 calories (1900-2900)
Complex carbs (60%), Fats (25%), and Protein (15%)
Sufficient vitamins, iron, and other micro-nutrients
Sufficient water
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What kind of lipids are found in food?
mostly triglycerides
saturated vs. unsaturated
hydrogenation
72
What are lipids needed for?
```
Efficient energy storage
Insulation
Cushioning
Components of cell membranes, myelin sheath, bile, hormones
Absorption of lipid soluble vitamins
Lubrication (Skin Oil)
```
73
Proteins
Essential amine acids cant be manufactured by the body
| Need to eat complete proteins
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Vitamins and Minerals
Needed in small amounts to promote and regulate to body's chemical reactions
- often co-enzymes
- health problems from deficiencies and excess
- water soluble vs. fat soluble
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Microbes
Everywhere but not all cause disease
76
What are the different kinds of microbes?
Bacteria-single celled prokaryotes
Viruses-DNA or RNA with protein coat, sometimes extra envelope
Protozoans-Single celled eukaryotes
Fungi
Worms
Prions-Infectious proteins;change protein folding
77
Lymphatic System
Plays an important role in protecting our body from pathogens.
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What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Return excess tissue fluid to blood
Absorb fats from small intestines and deliver to blood
Produces, maintains, and distributes LYMPHOCYTES
Defense against pathogens
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What are the parts of the lymphatic system?
Vessels and Organs
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Lymphatic Vessels
Capillaries
Vessels -Similar to veins in structure including valves
Ducts -empty into subclavian veins
Fluid is called LYMPH
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Lymphatic organs (Primary)
Primary
-red bone marrow produces blood cells (lymphocytes)
(B and T cells)
-thymus gland- hormone production and maturation of T cells
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Lymphatic organs (secondary)
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Spleen
-filter blood of pathogens and debris (like dead RBCs)
Lymph nodes
-filter lymph of pathogens and debris
-tonsils in the throat
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First line of defense- Barriers to entry
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Skin and Mucous Membrane
-difficult to penetrate
-shedding
-Cilia
Chemicals
-Acidity
-Sticky Mucous
-Antibacterials
-Fluids (flushing out)
Bacteria
-Competition and chemicals released
```
84
Second line of defense: Inflammation
Four Steps
Damage to capillary- release histamine and mast cells
-Dilates vessels, increase blood flow, and capillary permeability. -redness, heat, swelling -pain from pressure
-Macrophages engulf pathogens and stimulate inflammation further
-blood flow brings more WBCs
-Clot forms
block damage site and prevents blood loss
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Complement System
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Group of plasma proteins
Multiple roles
-stimulate inflammation
-attract phagocytes
(Complement the immune system)
```
86
Third of defense
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Protection that involves detecting, destroying, and remembering particular pathogens
Antigens-identify
Lymphocytes-receptors bound to antigens
2 major pathways
B Cells (Antibody mediated)
T Cells (Cell Mediated)
```
87
Antibody-Mediated Immunity
Uses B cells
| Attack antigens in body fluid or on surface of cells
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What do macrophages do?
Present antigens to helper T cells
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Plasma cells secrete...
Antibodies
90
Antibodies
```
Y shaped proteins that bind to specific antigens
Cause clumping
Promote
-inflammation
-phagocytes
-complement system
```
91
Cytotoxic Tcells
Punch holes and inject deadly chemicals
Destroy antigen-bearing cells
(cell death)
92
Memory Cells
Immunological memory gives more rapid response if/when next exposure to the antigen
93
Active Immunity
Antibodies made by own body (long term)
| -Vaccines
94
Passive Immunity
Antibodies from another source (Temporary)
- Pregnancy/nursing
- Injections
95
Allergies
Immune responses to harmless substances
- histamine release gives inflammation, runny nose, watery eyes.
- constrict lungs
96
Anaphylatic Shock
Allergy reaction that causes sudden drop in blood pressure
| -can lead to unconsciousness and death
97
Autoimmune disorders
Immune system that attacks the body's own cells
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Lupus-anti DNA antibodies
Multiple Sclerosis- T cells attack myelin sheath
98
HIV/AIDS
HIV consists of RNA and enzymes encased in a protein coat
| Sites: Immune system and Brain
99
HIV enters the cell
Helper T cells or macrophage
| -attachment, fusion, entry
100
Transcription
Rewrites RNA as DNA (HIV/AIDS)
101
Integration
Inserts DNA into the host chromosomes
| -HIV/AIDS
102
Replication of HIV/Aids
Biosynthesis, assembly,budding
103
Acute Phase of HIV
Initial infection
- some have flu like symptoms
- 25 days to detectable
104
Chronic Phase of HIV
Initial disease symptoms
-yeast infections, diarrhea, recurrent fever, shingles, tongue sores, coughs, swollen lymph nodes
Tcell levels drop (immune failure)
105
AIDS
CD4 T cells drop bellow diagnosis threshold or develop AIDS
106
Treatments for HIV/AIDS
Keep viral load low
multi-drug therapies most successful
research in progress on preventative and therapeutic vaccines
107
Why is it hard to create a vaccine for HIV/AIDS
High mutation rates
Variety of strains
HIV targets immune system and hides there
108
Tuberculosis
Caused by bacteria
Spread through air-borne droplets- can remain in air for several hours
affects lungs- cough, chest pain,loss of appetiite, chills, fever
109
Malaria
Caused by a single-celled protist (plasmodium)
Mosquitoes
Infects RBCs
-flu like symptoms
