Chapter 13 The Respiratory System Questions

Question 1

What are the 4 basic steps of external respiration?

Answer 1

Question 2

Factors Affecting Airway Resistance

• Bronchoconstriction
  
  • What is this effect on airway resistance?
  • Factors Produce Bronchoconstriction
• Bronchodilation
  
  • What is this effect on airway resistance?
  • Factors Produce Bronchodilation

Answer 2

Question 3

What is happening at each #?

Answer 3

Question 4

Opposing Forces Acting on the Lung

• What are the two Forces Keeping Alveoli Open?
• What are the two Forces Promoting Alveolar Collapse?

Answer 4

Opposing Forces Acting on the Lung

• What are the two Forces Keeping Alveoli Open?
  
  • Transmural pressure gradient
  • Pulmonary surfactant (which opposes alveolar surface tension)
• What are the two Forces Promoting Alveolar Collapse?
  
  • Elasticity of stretched elastin fibers in lung connective tissues
  • Alveolar surface tension

Question 5

What are the 4 ways that the work of breathing may be increased?

Answer 5

Question 6

What is happening at each number?

Answer 6

Question 7

What are the 4 factors that influence the Rate of Gas Transfer Across the Alveolar–Capillary Membrane?

Answer 7

Question 8

Factors That Influence the Rate of Gas Transfer Across the Alveolar–Capillary Membrane

• Fill this table out

Answer 8

Question 9

Carbon dioxide transport in the blood

Describe what is happening at each number and overall in this picture.

Answer 9

• Carbon dioxide picked up at the tissue level is transported in the blood to the lungs in three ways:
  
  • (1) physically dissolved
  • (2) bound to hemoglobin (Hb), and
  • (3) as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-).
• Hemoglobin is present only in the red blood cells, as is carbonic anhydrase, the enzyme that catalyzes the production of HCO3-.
• The H+ generated during the production of HCO3- also binds to Hb. HCO3- moves by facilitated diffusion down its concentration gradient out of the red blood cell into the plasma, and chloride (Cl-) moves by means of the same passive carrier into the red blood cell down the electrical gradient created by the outward diffusion of HCO3-.
• The reactions that occur at the tissue level are reversed at the pulmonary level, where CO2 diffuses out of the blood to enter the alveoli.

Question 10

Methods of Transport in Blood for the following gasses:

• O₂
• CO₂

****Also list what percentage of each gas is in each form of transport

Answer 10

Question 11

Breathing is accomplished by alternate contraction and relaxation of muscles within the lung tissue. (True or false?)

Answer 11

False

Question 12

Explain how either poor perfusion or poor ventilation of the lungs may result in a “right to left shunt”

Answer 12

• O₂ needs a steep gradient than CO₂ because it is less soluble in the membrane ie more oxygen required to diffuse through the membrane

Question 13

Normally, the alveoli empty completely during maximal expiratory efforts. (True or false?)

Answer 13

False

Question 14

Alveolar ventilation does not always increase when pulmonary ventilation increases. (True or false?)

Answer 14

True

Question 15

O₂ and CO₂ have equal diffusion constants. (True or false?)

Answer 15

False

Question 16

Hemoglobin has a higher affinity for O2 than for any other substance. (True or false?)

Answer 16

False

Question 17

Rhythmicity of breathing is brought about by pacemaker activity displayed by the respiratory muscles. (True or false?)

Answer 17

False

Question 18

The expiratory neurons send impulses to the motor neurons controlling the expiratory muscles during normal quiet breathing. (True or false?)

Answer 18

False

Question 19

• The two forces that tend to keep the alveoli open are _____ and _____.

Answer 19

• The two forces that tend to keep the alveoli open are transmural pressure gradient and pulmonary surfactant action.

Question 20

• The two forces that promote alveolar collapse are ____ and ____.

Answer 20

• The two forces that promote alveolar collapse are pulmonary elasticity and alveolar surface tension.

Question 21

• _____ is a measure of the magnitude of change in lung volume accomplished by a given change in the transmural pres- sure gradient.

Answer 21

• Compliance is a measure of the magnitude of change in lung volume accomplished by a given change in the transmural pres- sure gradient.

Question 22

• ______ is the phenomenon of the lungs snapping back to their resting size after having been stretched.

Answer 22

• Elastic recoil is the phenomenon of the lungs snapping back to their resting size after having been stretched.

Question 23

____________ is the erythrocytic enzyme that catalyzes
​the conversion of CO₂ into HCO₂^-.

Answer 23

Carbonic anhydrase is the erythrocytic enzyme that catalyzes
the conversion of CO₂ into HCO₂ ^-.

Question 24

Which of the following reactions take(s) place at the pulmonary capillaries?

Answer 24

A

Question 25

Indicate the O₂ and CO₂ partial pressure relationships important in gas exchange by circling \> (greater than), \< (less than), or = (equal to) as appropriate in each of the following statements

Answer 25

Question 26

Using the answer code on the right, indicate which chemoreceptors are being described:

Answer 26

1. d, 2. a, 3. b, 4. a, 5. b, 6. a

Question 27

* Distinguish between cellular and external respiration.

Answer 27

Question 28

1. Describe the components of the respiratory system. 2. What is the site of gas exchange?

Answer 28

Question 29

Compare atmospheric, intra-alveolar, and intrapleural pressures.

Answer 29

Question 30

Why are the lungs normally stretched even during expiration?

Answer 30

Question 31

Explain why air enters the lungs during inspiration and leaves during expiration.

Answer 31

Question 32

Why is inspiration normally active and expiration normally passive?

Answer 32

Question 33

Why does airway resistance become an important determinant of air flow rates in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

Answer 33

Question 34

Explain pulmonary elasticity in terms of compliance and elastic recoil.

Answer 34

Question 35

State the source and function of pulmonary surfactant.

Answer 35

Question 36

Define the various lung volumes and capacities.

Answer 36

Question 37

Compare pulmonary and alveolar ventilation. What is the consequence of anatomic and alveolar dead space?

Answer 37

Question 38

Compare ventilation, perfusion, and the ventilation– perfusion ratio at the top and the bottom of the lung. Explain what accounts for these differences.

Answer 38

Question 39

What determines the partial pressures of a gas in the air and in blood?

Answer 39

Question 40

List the methods of O₂ transport and CO₂ transport in the blood.

Answer 40

Question 41

What is the primary factor that determines the percent hemoglobin saturation? What are the significances of the plateau and the steep portions of the O₂–Hb dissociation curve?

Answer 41

Question 42

How does hemoglobin promote the net transfer of O₂ from the alveoli to the blood?

Answer 42

Question 43

Explain the Bohr and Haldane effects.

Answer 43

Question 44

# Define the following * hypoxic hypoxia * anemic hypoxia * circulatory hypoxia * histotoxic hypoxia * hypercapnia * hypocapnia * hyperventilation * hypoventilation * hyperpnea * apnea * dyspnea.

Answer 44

Question 45

What are the locations and functions of the three respira- tory control centers? Distinguish between the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and the ventral respiratory group (VRG).

Answer 45

Question 46

What brain region establishes the rhythmicity of breathing?

Answer 46