Chapter 13 Vocabulary

Question 1

A conditional syllogism of the following form: If p, then q; p; therefore, q. The antecedent p, is affirmed in the second premise. This is a valid form of conditional syllogism

Answer 1

Affirming the antecedent

Question 2

A conditional syllogism of the following form: If p, then q; q; therefore, p. This is an invalid form of conditional syllogism

Answer 2

Affirming the consequent

Question 3

In a conditional syllogism, the term p in the conditional premise “If p then q”

Answer 3

Antecedent

Question 4

Basing judgements of the frequency of events on what events come to mind

Answer 4

Availability heuristic

Question 5

The relative proportions of different classes in a population. Failure to consider base rates can often lead to errors of reasoning

Answer 5

Base rate

Question 6

A syllogism in which the premises and conclusion describe the relationship between two categories by using statements that begin with all, no, or some

Answer 6

Categorical syllogism

Question 7

The final statement in a syllogism, which follows from the two premises

Answer 7

Conclusion

Question 8

Syllogism with two premises and a conclusion, like a categorical syllogism, but whose first premise is an “If…then…” statement

Answer 8

Conditional syllogism

Question 9

The tendency to selectively look for information that conforms to our hypothesis and to overlook information that argues against it

Answer 9

Confirmation bias

Question 10

In a conditional syllogism, the term q in the conditional premise “If p then q”

Answer 10

Consequent

Question 11

Making choices between alternatives

Answer 11

Decisions

Question 12

Reasoning that involves syllogisms in which a conclusion logically follows from premises

Answer 12

Deductive reasoning

Question 13

A conditional syllogism of the following form: If p, then q; not p; therefore, not q. This is an invalid form of conditional syllogism

Answer 13

Denying the antecedent

Question 14

A conditional syllogism of the following form: If p then q; not q; therefore, not p. The consequent q is denied in the second premise. This is a valid form of conditional syllogism

Answer 14

Denying the consequent

Question 15

Emotion that a person predicts he or she will feel for a particular outcome of a decision

Answer 15

Expected emotion

Question 16

The idea that people are basically rational, so if they have all of the relevant information, they will make a decision that results in the maximum expected utility

Answer 16

Expected utility theory

Question 17

The idea that many properties of our minds can be traced to the evolutionary principles of natural selection

Answer 17

Evolutionary perspective on cognition

Question 18

The reasoning principle that to test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify the rule

Answer 18

Falsification principle

Question 19

Decisions are influenced by how the choices are stated

Answer 19

Framing effect

Question 20

A correlation that appears to exist between two events, when in reality there is no correlation or it is weaker than it is assumed to be

Answer 20

Illusory correlation

Question 21

Emotion that is experienced at the same time the decision is being made

Answer 21

Immediate emotion

Question 22

Immediate emotion unrelated to the decision. An example is an emotion associated with a person’s general disposition

Answer 22

Incidental immediate emotion

Question 23

Reasoning in which a conclusion follows from a consideration of evidence. This conclusion is stated as being probably true, rather than definitely true, as can be the case for the conclusions from deductive reasoning

Answer 23

Inductive reasoning

Question 24

Immediate emotion that is associated with the act of making a decision

Answer 24

Integral immediate emotion

Question 25

The larger the number of individuals that are randomly drawn from a population, the more representative the resulting group will be of the entire population

Answer 25

Law of large numbers

Question 26

An approach to studying decision making that combines research from the fields of psychology, neuroscience, and economics

Answer 26

Neuroeconomics

Question 27

The tendency to do nothing to avoid having to make a decision that could be interpreted as causing harm

Answer 27

Omission bias

Question 28

Procedure in which a person must take an active step to choose a course of action- for example, choosing to be an organ donor

Answer 28

Opt-in procedure

Question 29

Procedure in which a person must take an active step to avoid a course of action- for example, not choosing to be an organ donor

Answer 29

Opt-out procedure

Question 30

A pragmatic reasoning schema that states that is a person satisfies condition A, then they will get to carry out action B. This has been used to explain the results of the Watson four-card problem

Answer 30

Permission schema

Question 31

A way of thinking about cause and effect in a world that is learned as part of experiencing everyday life.

Answer 31

Pragmatic reasoning schema

Question 32

The first two statements in a syllogism. The third statement is the conclusion

Answer 32

Premise

Question 33

Cognitive processes by which people start with information and come to conclusions that go beyond that information

Answer 33

Reasoning

Question 34

The probability that an event A comes from class B can be determined by how well A resembles the properties of class B

Answer 34

Representativeness heuristic

Question 35

The tendency to make decisions that avoid risk

Answer 35

Risk aversion

Question 36

A decision-making strategy that is governed by the idea of avoiding risk. Often used when a problem is stated in terms of gains.

Answer 36

Risk-aversion strategy

Question 37

A decision making strategy that is governed by the idea of taking risks. Often used when a problem is stated in terms of losses

Answer 37

Risk-taking strategy

Question 38

An important aspect of human behavior is the ability for two people to cooperate in a way that is beneficial to both people. According to the evolutionary perspective on cognition, application of this theory can be led to the conclusion that detecting cheating is an important part of the brain's cognitive makeup. This idea has been used to explain the results of Watson four-card problem

Answer 38

Social exchange theory

Question 39

An oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people that often focuses negative characteristics

Answer 39

Stereotype

Question 40

A series of three statements: two premises followed by a conclusion. The conclusion can follow from the premises based on the rules of logic

Answer 40

Syllogism

Question 41

A game in which a proposer is given a sum of money and makes an offer to a responder as to how this money should be split between them. The responder must choose to accept the offer or reject it. This game has been sued to study people's decision-making strategies

Answer 41

Ultimatum game

Question 42

Outcomes that achieve a person's goals; in economic terms, the maximum monetary payoff

Answer 42

Utility

Question 43

Quality of a syllogism whose conclusion follows logically from its premises

Answer 43

Validity

Question 44

A condition reasoning task developed by Watson that involves four cards. Various versions of this problem have been used to study the mechanisms that determine the outcomes of conditional reasoning tasks

Answer 44

Watson four-card problem