Chapter 14

Question 1

Which neuron is involved in the sensory (afferent) division?

Answer 1

1st order neuron

Question 2

Which neuron is involved in the motor (efferent) division?

Answer 2

Lower motor neuron

Question 3

The ANS consists of motor neurons that

Answer 3

Innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.
Make adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities.
Operate via subconscious control.

Question 4

Other names for the ANS

Answer 4

Involuntary nervous system.
General visceral motor system.

Question 5

What are the divisions of the ANS?

Answer 5

1. Sympathetic division.
2. Parasympathetic division.

Question 6

What is dual innveration?

Answer 6

Almost all visceral organs are served by both divisions, but they cause opposite effects

Question 7

Where are cell bodies in the CNS found?

Answer 7

Spinal cord

Question 8

What group fibers are found in the somatic nervous system?

Answer 8

Group A

Question 9

Where is the cell body of the preganglionic neuron found in the parasympathetic division?

Answer 9

Ventral horn/lateral horn

Question 10

What group fiber is the preganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division?

Answer 10

Group B

Question 11

What group fiber is the postganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division?

Answer 11

Group C

Question 12

How many neurons to get from the CNS to effector organs in the somatic nervous system?

Answer 12

1

Question 13

How many neurons to get from the CNS to effector organs in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 13

2

Question 14

What is the anatomical and physiological name of the parasympathetic division?

Answer 14

Anatomical: craniosacral
Physiological: rest and digest

Question 15

What size fibers does the parasympathetic division have?

Answer 15

Long pre fibers and short post fibers

Question 16

Where are the ganglia of the vagus nerve and what are the effector organs?

Answer 16

Ganglia: within the walls of target organ
Effector organs: heart, lungs, and most visceral organs

Question 17

What is the anatomical and physiological name of the sympathetic division?

Answer 17

Anatomical: thoracolumbar
Physiological: fight or flight

Question 18

Where do neurons in the sympathetic division originate from?

Answer 18

Thoracic or 1st two of spinal cord

Question 19

What does the white ramus run to?

Answer 19

From the spinal nerve out to the ganglionic trunk

Question 20

What does the gray ramus run to?

Answer 20

From the ganglionic trunk back to the spinal nerve

Question 21

What are the rami?

Answer 21

Axons connecting the spinal nerve and trunk

Question 22

Name the four pathways of sympathetic innervation

Answer 22

1. Synapse at same level
2. Synapse at a higher level
3. Synapse at a lower level
4. Synapse in a distant collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column

Question 23

What are the 2 neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 23

ACh and norepinephrine

Question 24

What do preganglionic fibers in the ANS secrete?

Answer 24

ACh

Question 25

What do all fiber in the parasympathetic division of the ANS secrete?

Answer 25

ACh

Question 26

What do the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division secrete?

Answer 26

Norepinephrine

Question 27

Properties of nicotinic receptors

Answer 27

Most common. Ligand gated channels. Skeletal muscle. Cell bodies and dendrites of postganglionic fibers. Always get EPSP. No inhibition: only thing that matters is if its a strong enough stimulus.

Question 28

Properties of muscarinic receptors

Answer 28

Very different. 2nd messenger system. Some generate IPSPs.

Question 29

Properties of Beta 1

Answer 29

Excitatory. Increases heart rate and strength. Stimulates renin release by kidneys.

Question 30

Properties of Beta 2

Answer 30

Inhibitory. Relaxation of smooth muscle. Found in blood vessels and airways of lungs.

Question 31

Properties of Alpha 1

Answer 31

Excitatory. Cause contraction of smooth muscle.

Question 32

How do the somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ?

Answer 32

1. Effectors 2. Efferent pathways (and their neurotransmitters) 3. Target organ responses to neurotransmitters

Question 33

Somatic nervous system effectors

Answer 33

Skeletal muscles

Question 34

Autonomic nervous system effectors

Answer 34

Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Glands

Question 35

Role of parasympathetic division

Answer 35

Promotes maintenance activities and conserves body energy. Its activity is illustrated in a person who relaxes, reading, after a meal. - blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low - gastrointestinal tract activity is high - pupils are constricted and lenses are accommodated for close vision

Question 36

Role of sympathetic division

Answer 36

Mobilizes the body during activity; is the "fight-or-flight" system. Promotes adjustments during exercise, or when threatened. - blood flow is shunted to skeletal muscles and heart - bronchioles dilate - liver releases glucose

Question 37

Dual innervation of the sympathetic division

Answer 37

Increases heart and respiratory rates, and inhibits digestion and elimination

Question 38

Dual innervation of the parasympathetic division

Answer 38

Decreases heart and respiratory rates, and allows for digestion and the discarding of wastes

Question 39

Sympathetic Tone

Answer 39

Sympathetic division controls blood pressure, even at rest. Sympathetic tone: keeps the blood vessels in a continual state of partial constriction. Sympathetic fibers fire: more rapidly to constrict blood vessels and cause blood pressure to rise; less rapidly to prompt vessels to dilate to decrease blood pressure

Question 40

What is sympathetic tone essential for?

Answer 40

Regulating blood pressure

Question 41

Parasympathetic tone

Answer 41

Parasympathetic division normally dominates the heart and smooth muscle of digestive and urinary tract organs: slows the heart. Sympathetic division can override these effects during times of stress

Question 42

Cooperative effects

Answer 42

External genitalia. Parasympathetic fibers cause vasodilation; responsible for erection. Sympathetic fibers cause ejaculation

Question 43

Localized vs. diffuse effects

Answer 43

Parasympathetic division: short-lived, highly localized control over effectors. Sympathetic division: long-lasting, bodywide effects. - inactivated more slowly than ACh. - NE and epinephrine are released into the blood and remain until destroyed by liver

Question 44

Control of ANS functioning

Answer 44

Cerebral cortex (frontal lobe) --> limbic system (emotional input) --> hypothalamus (overall integration; the boss) --> brain stem --> spinal cord