Chapter 14

Question 1

What is a trait ?

Answer 1

An enduring predispostion that influences our behaviour across many situations

Question 2

What are nomothetic approaches ?

Answer 2

Seek general principles in nature, rather than princles specific to an individual

Question 3

What are idiographic approaches ?

Answer 3

Focuses on identifying the unique configuration of charactersitics and life history experiences

Question 4

What is the goal of molecular genetic studies ?

Answer 4

To pinpoint the genes associated with traits

Question 5

What is psychic determinism ?

Answer 5

Psychological events have a cause

Question 6

What is the id ?

Answer 6

basic instincts, need for immediate gratification (pleasure principle)

Question 7

What is the ego ?

Answer 7

principal decision maker

Question 8

What is the superego ?

Answer 8

sense of morality, delays the search for gratification until there is an appropriate outlet ( reality principle)

Question 9

What is style of life ?

Answer 9

Each individuals was of acheiving superiority

Question 10

What is inferiority complex ?

Answer 10

Low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation

Question 11

What is collective unconscious ?

Answer 11

Shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generation

Question 12

What are archetypes ?

Answer 12

cross-culturally universal symbols

Question 13

What is reciprocal determinism ?

Answer 13

people influence each other’s behaviour

Question 14

What is self-actualization ?

Answer 14

Drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent

Question 15

What are conditions of worth ?

Answer 15

Expectations we place on ourselves

Question 16

What are peak experiences ?

Answer 16

transcendent moment of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world

Question 17

What is factor analysis ?

Answer 17

Statistical technique that analyzes the correaltions among responses on personality onventories and other measures

Question 18

What is a lexical approach ?

Answer 18

Looked for basis of personality in language

Question 19

What are structured personality tests?

Answer 19

Paper-and-pencil tests consisting of questions you respond to in one of a few fixed ways

Question 20

What is the rational/theoretical method ?

Answer 20

Test developers beging with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess it

Question 21

What are projective tests ?

Answer 21

Ask examinees to interpret or make sense of ambiguous stimuli

Question 22

What is the projective hypothesis ?

Answer 22

When interpreting ambiguous stimuli, people project aspects of their personality

Question 23

What is the Rorschach Inkblot test ?

Answer 23

Consists of ten symmetrical inkblots, five in black-and-white and five containing colour

Question 24

What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) ?

Answer 24

Requires subject to construct a story based on pictures

Question 25

What is Repression ?

Answer 25

**Motivated forgetting memories of emotionally threatening memories or impulses**

Question 26

What is Denial ?

Answer 26

**Motivated forgetting of distressing experiences**

Question 27

What is Reaction-Formation ?

Answer 27

**Transforming an anxiety-producing experience into its opposite**

Question 28

What is Projection ?

Answer 28

**Unconscious attribution of our negative qualities onto others**

Question 29

What is Displacement ?

Answer 29

**Directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a more acceptable one**

Question 30

What is Rationalization ?

Answer 30

**Providing reasonable-sounding explanations for unreasonable behaviours or failures**

Question 31

What is Intellectualization ?

Answer 31

**Avoiding the emotions associated with anxiety-prokoing experiences by focusing on abstract and impersonal thoughts**

Question 32

What is Sublimation ?

Answer 32

**Transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired and socially valued goal**

Question 33

What is the Oral stage ?

Answer 33

* Birth to 12-18 months * Sucking and drinking

Question 34

What is the Anal stage ?

Answer 34

* 18 months to 3 years * Alleviating tension by expelling feces

Question 35

What is the Phallic stage ?

Answer 35

* 3 years to 6 years * Genitals (penis or clitoris)

Question 36

What is the Latency stage ?

Answer 36

* 6 years to 12 years * Dormant sexual stage

Question 37

What is the Genital stage ?

Answer 37

* 12 years and beyond * Renewed sexual impulses; emergence of mature romantic relationships