Chapter 1.4

Question 1

It is the scientific study of how people behave, think, and feel.

Answer 1

Psychology

Question 2

________ as “of, relating to, being, or involving conscious intellectual activity, such as thinking, reasoning, or remembering”

Answer 2

cognitive

Question 3

________ was a Swiss clinical psychologist known for his pioneering work in child development. He pioneered the “theory of cognitive development,”

Answer 3

Jean Piaget

Question 4

a comprehensive theory about the development of human intelligence

Answer 4

Theory of Cognitive Development

Question 5

This theory dealts with the nature of knowledge itself, and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it

Answer 5

Theory of Cognitive Development

Question 6

It is a progressive reorganization of mental processes resulting from biological maturation and environmental experience.

Answer 6

cognitive development

Question 7

There are three basic to Piaget’s cognitive theory. These are:

Answer 7

Schemas
Adaptation
Stages of cognitive development

Question 8

These are the building blocks of knowledge.

Answer 8

Schemas/schemes

Question 9

_______ are mental organizations that individuals use to understand their environments and designate action.

Answer 9

Schemes

Question 10

It involves the child’s learning processes to meet situational demands.

Answer 10

Adaptation

Question 11

They reflect the increasing sophistication of the child’s thought process.

Answer 11

Stages of Cognitive Development

Question 12

According to Piaget, the knowledge children acquire is organized into _______ (scheme) or groupings of similar actions or thoughts.

Answer 12

schemas

Question 13

__________ is the application of previous concepts to new concepts.

For example, a child who was just learned the word “fish,” shouts “fish!” upon seeing one.

Answer 13

Assimilation

Question 14

___________ happens when people encounter completely new information or when existing ideas are challenged.

Answer 14

accommodation

Question 15

Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development:

Answer 15

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational

Question 16

The child learns by doing: looking, touching, sucking, the child also has a primitive understanding of cause-and- effect relationships.

Object permanence appears around 9 months.

Answer 16

Sensorimotor

Question 17

The child uses language and symbols, including letters and numbers.

Egocentrism is also evident. Conservation marks the end of the preoperational stage and the beginning of concrete oeprations.

Answer 17

Preoperational

Question 18

The child demonstrates conservation, reversiblity, serial ordering, and a mature understanding of cause-andk- effect relationship. Thinking at this stage is still concrete.

Answer 18

Concrete Operations

Question 19

The individual demonstrates abstract thinking at this stage is still concrete.

Answer 19

Formal Operations

Question 20

__________ detailed the emergence of self-concept and asserted that the broad developmental changes observed across early childhood, later childhood, and adolescence could be interpreted within a Piagetian framework.

Answer 20

Dr. Susan Harter

Question 21

The child describes the “self” in terms of concrete, observable characteristics,

Answer 21

Early childhood

Question 22

The self is described in terms of traitlike constructs (e.g., smart, honest, friendly, shy) that would require the type of hierarchical organizational skills characteristic of logical thought development.

Answer 22

Middle to later childhood

Question 23

According to Harter, this is the emergence of more abstract self- definitions, such as inner thoughts, emotions, attitudes, and motives.

Answer 23

Adolescence

Question 24

The marked characteristic of “self” for emerging adults is having a vision of a “possible self.” It is the “age of possibilities”

Answer 24

Emerging adults

Question 25

'The art of being wise is knowing what to overlook," wrote ___________(name) in his groundbreaking masterpiece, The Principles of Psychology, written in 1890. A figure commonly known as "the father of American psychology." philosopher, psychologist, and university professor, He gave one of the earliest self-theory psychological analyses.

Answer 25

William James

Question 26

According to _______, the "self" has two elements: the I-self and the Me- self.

Answer 26

William James

Question 27

______ is the pure ego. It is the subjective self. It is the "self" that is aware of its own actions.

Answer 27

I-self

Question 28

The I-self characteristically has four features. These are:

Answer 28

• A sense of being the agent or initiator of behavior. • A sense of being unique. • A sense of continuity. • A sense of awareness about being aware.

Question 29

The _______ is the self that is the object. It is the "self" that you can describe, such as your physical characteristics, personalities, social role, or relationships, thoughts, feelings

Answer 29

me-self

Question 30

________ is defined as "based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic"

Answer 30

Empirical

Question 31

The dimensions of the me-self include:

Answer 31

Material Social Spiritual

Question 32

Me Self _____ - social skills and significant interpersonal relationships ____ - personality, character, defining values. _____ - physical appearance and extensions of it such as clothing, immediate family, and home;

Answer 32

Social Spiritual Material

Question 33

_______ was an American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology

Answer 33

Carl Ransom Rogers

Question 34

_________ is a psychological perspective that rose to prominence in the mid-20th century.

Answer 34

Humanistic psychology

Question 35

It emphasized the active role of the individual in shaping their internal and external worlds.

Answer 35

Humanistic psychology

Question 36

He stressed that a person is an active, creative, experiencing being who lives in the present and who thinks, feels, and responds to his or her environment.

Answer 36

Carl Rogers

Question 37

It refers to a person's basic instinct to succeed at his or her highest possible capacity.

Answer 37

actualizing tendency

Question 38

According to _______, all behavior is motivated by self- actualizing tendencies and these tendencies drive you to reach your full potential.

Answer 38

Carl Rogers

Question 39

An organized, fluid, conceptual pattern of concepts and values related to the self.

Answer 39

self-concept

Question 40

he or she would tend to feel good about himself or herself, and would generally see the world as a safe and positive place.

Answer 40

Positive self concept

Question 41

he or she may feel unhappy with who he/she is

Answer 41

Negative self concept

Question 42

Rogers further divided the self into two categories:

Answer 42

the ideal self and the real self

Question 43

The ________ is the person that you would like yourself to be; it is your concept of the "best me" who is worthy of admiration. It is an idealized image of self that the individual has developed based on what you have has learned and experienced.

Answer 43

ideal self

Question 44

The _______ is the person you actually are. It is how you behave right at the moment of a situation. It is who you are in reality - how you think, feel, or act at present.

Answer 44

real self

Question 45

According to ________, "If the way that I am (the real self) is aligned with the way that I want to be (the ideal self), then I will feel a sense of mental well-being or peace of mind.

Answer 45

Carl Rogers

Question 46

when your real self and ideal self are very similar you experience _______.

Answer 46

congruence

Question 47

When there is a great inconsistency between your ideal and real selves or if the way you are is not aligned with what you want to be, then you experience a state Rogers called _________.

Answer 47

incongruence

Question 48

________ is defined as the inability to react successfully and satisfactorily to the demands of one's environment

Answer 48

Maladjustment

Question 49

________ (1961) proposed his "personality trait" theory asserting that every person possesses "traits."

Answer 49

Psychologist Gordon Allport

Question 50

"______" is your essential characteristic that never, ever changes and sticks with you all your life. Moreover, these traits shape who you are

Answer 50

trait

Question 51

Eric Berne began to develop his ____________ model as basis for understanding behavior. __________ is anchored on two notions: 1. Every person has three parts called "ego states" in his or her personality. 2. People communicate with one another assuming roles of any of these ego states.

Answer 51

transactional analysis

Question 52

The ____________ is the voice of authority. It could be a comforting "nurturing parent" voice or a "controlling/critical parent" voice that tells what you should or should not do.

Answer 52

parent ego state

Question 53

The _______ ego state is the rational person. It is the voice that speaks reasonably and knows how to assert himself or herself.

Answer 53

Adult

Question 54

Three child ego state ________ who loves to play but is sensitive and vulnerable. ________ is the curious child who wants to try everything. ________ is the one who reacts to the world.

Answer 54

natural child little professor adaptive child

Question 55

University professor and author _________ proposed that the human self has three related, but separable, domains. These domains are: 1. 2. 3.

Answer 55

Gregg Henriques 1. Experiential self; 2. Private self-conscious; and 3. Public self/persona.

Question 56

_______ is the theater of consciousness because it is the first to experience its beingness

Answer 56

experiential self

Question 57

_________ can be described as the narrator or interpreter.

Answer 57

private self-conscious

Question 58

________ is the image you project to the public. This is the image that interacts with others and will influence how others see you.

Answer 58

public self or persona

Question 59

introduced his concept of "false self" and "true self."

Answer 59

Donald Winnicott (John Bowlby)

Question 60

It is the product of early experience. It is a defensive organization formed by the infant because of inadequate mothering or failures in empathy. He added that the false self is developed as the infant is repeatedly subjected to maternal care that intrudes upon, rejects, or abandons his or her experience

Answer 60

false self

Question 61

when the person has false self but can still function both as an individual and in the society, then he or she has a healthy false self. The _______________ feels that it is still connected with the true self. Thus, it can be compliant without feeling guilty that it abandoned its true self.

Answer 61

healthy false self

Question 62

An individual who may seem happy and comfortable in his or her environment but actually feels forced to fit in and constantly needs to adjust his or her behavior to adapt to the social situation is said to have an unhealthy false self.

Answer 62

unhealthy false self

Question 63

It is part of the infant that feels creative, spontaneous, and real. It has a sense of integrity, of connected wholeness. It is a sense of being alive and real in one's mind and body, having feelings that are spontaneous and unforced. This experience of aliveness is what allows people to be genuinely close to others and to be creative.

Answer 63

True self