Chapter 14

Question 1

Enclosures

Answer 1

Area of land sealed off with a barrier.

Question 2

Henry the Navigator

Answer 2

Younger son of a king that undertook a task of organizing a sustained effort for better agricultural opportunities

Question 3

Ceuta

Answer 3

A city on the North coast of Africa where Henry the Navigator captured the North African Port of Cueta from the Muslims in 1415

Question 4

Vasco de Balboa

Answer 4

Spaniard that saw the Pacific Ocean from Central America, leading people to believe that an easy westward route to the riches of East Asia may still be found

Question 5

Hernando Cortes

Answer 5

One of the first and most dramatic leaders of the Conquistador that landed on the Mexican coast and set out to overcome the rich Aztec civilization in the high plateau of Central Mexico.

Question 6

Ferdinand Magellan

Answer 6

Portuguese explorer that had a 98 day voyage across the Pacific and was known as the Supreme accomplishment of seamanship in the age of discovery. Voyage persuaded the Spaniards that Portugal had the fastest route to the East, renounced all attempts to trade with the spice Islands and they focused their attention on the Americas.

Question 7

Incas

Answer 7

Civilization in the cusco area of Peru that fell to Conquistador Francisco Pizzaro. This civilization along with other civilizations in the Mexican coast fell to conquistadors that began organizing the huge empire they had won.

Question 8

Hidalgo

Answer 8

Spanish minor nobels who commanded most of Spain’s first missions in the Americas who believed that the attraction was partly adventure, partly the chance to command a military expedition of conquest, and partly the hope of making a fortune that seemed unlikely at home.

Question 9

Bartolome de las Casas

Answer 9

Spanish friar who published “The Destruction of the Indies”, a remarkable first-hand account if the cruelties on innocent people and their paradisiscal land. It highlighted that the Europeans saw themselves mainly as teachers as their military and military might entitled them, so they believed in bringing their civilization to the rest of world.

Question 10

Justices of the Peace

Answer 10

Gentry who from their ranks the crown appointed the local officers who administered the realm. These voluntary unpaid officials served as the principal public servants in the more than forty countries of the land.

Question 11

Henry VII

Answer 11

Founder of the Tudor dynasty who came to the throne as an usurper in the aftermath of more than thirty years of civil conflict, the War of the Roses. He extended the authority of the crown and restored order with extraordinary speed.

Question 12

Henry VIII

Answer 12

Son of Henry VII that was an arrogant, dazzling figure who removed a long standing threat from England’s North by inflicting a shattering feat on an invading Scots army at Flodden. With his prestige thus enhanced, he spent the next 15 years taking little part in European affairs and consolidating royal power at home. Broke from the Roman church and created an independent English church that strengthened the institution of Parliament.

Question 13

Parliament of Paris

Answer 13

The greatest court of law in the land, which remained a judicial body unlike the English Parliament.

Question 14

Charles VIII

Answer 14

Son of Louis XI who was determined to expand his dynasty’s territory and led an army into Italy at the request of the Duke of Milan, who was afraid of being attacked by Florence and Naples. During his reign, France’s financial and administrative machinery grew in size and effectiveness, largely because of the demands of the Italian wars.

Question 15

Isabella

Answer 15

Queen of Castile who married Ferdinand, the king of Sicily and heir to the throne of Aragon. Created a new political entity: “the Kingdom of Spain”

Question 16

Aragon

Answer 16

Eastern kingdom on the Iberian peninsula, slightly stronger than Portugal that consisted of Catalonia, Aragon itself, and Valencia.

Question 17

Conversos

Answer 17

Converted jews who were suspected of practicing their old beliefs in secret. Were expelled from the country for not accepting Christianity.

Question 18

Charles V

Answer 18

Heir to the royal throne of Spain and the Habsburg dukedom that was elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire that endured troubled pertaining to the crown from his subjects.

Question 19

Diet

Answer 19

The only central institution alongside the emperor and consisted of three assemblies: representatives of the cities, the princes, and with its legislation, they secured their position against the cities and the lesser nobility within their domains.

Question 20

Machiavelli

Answer 20

Experienced diplomat who set about analyzing how power is won, exercised, and lost. Swept away conventions as he attempted, in an age of collapsing regimes to understand how states function and how they affect their subjects. Wrote “the prince” to explain what a ruler needs to do to win and maintain complete control over his subjects.

Question 21

Guicciardini

Answer 21

Florentine who wrote “The History of Italy” that became the first major work of history to rely heavily on original documents rather than secondhand accounts.

Question 22

Capitalism

Answer 22

Accumulation of capital, requires taking risks and reinvesting whatever one earns to enlarge one’s profits. Capitalists took great risks and were willing to wait months and even years in order to make a financial gain possible.

Question 23

Vagrancy

Answer 23

One of the signs that Europeans were witnessing the beginnings of modern urbanization with all its dislocations. Whole sections of most large cities were controlled by a sixteenth century equivalent of the underworld, which offered sanctuary to criminals and danger to most citizens.

Question 24

Bartholomeu Dias

Answer 24

Portuguese captain that landed in the East coast of Africa, where no one had previously been able to pass, and showed the Portuguese that the pathway to India was open. This led to the creation of trade routes and posts that extended beyond India.

Question 25

Christopher Columbus

Answer 25

An experienced Genoese sailor who was widely read, well-versed in Atlantic sailing, and familiar with the leading geographers of his day. He believed that sailing west across the Atlantic, he would reach the Far East and find India, but instead, he found himself reaching America.

Question 26

Conquistador

Answer 26

Soldiers with long experience of military service that consisted of mainly younger sons of noble families that were often kept from inheriting land, as law usually only allowed the eldest son to inherit. The prospect of unlimited land and military adventure across the Atlantic appealed to them, and they overran much of the Americas in search of wealth and glory.

Question 27

Aztecs

Answer 27

Rich civilization in the high plateau of central Mexico that was conquered under the Conquistador's lead by Hernando Cortes. This civilization along with other civilizations in the Mexican coast fell to Conquistadors that began organizing the huge empire they had won.

Question 28

Francisco Pizarro

Answer 28

Conquistador that conquered the Incas of Peru. One of the military leaders that gave way to administrators who began organizing the huge empire they had won.

Question 29

Audiencia

Answer 29

A kind of miniature council that acted as a court of law. They advised the representatives of the throne and viceroys that were sent to administer each territory and impose centralized control.

Question 30

Slave trade

Answer 30

Ships began visiting the west coast of Africa to capture or purchase slaves and transported them to the New World under the most ghastly conditions. The slaves sustained the empires and made it possible for their white masters to profit from the silver, tobacco, cotton, and other goods they produced.

Question 31

Gentry

Answer 31

Families that are not technically members of the nobility who had large estates and were dominant figures at the parish, county, and national levels. From their ranks, the crown appoints local officers who administered the realm.

Question 32

Common law

Answer 32

Law based on precedent and tradition that was the same throughout England. In contrast to the Roman law that prevailed on the continent, common law grew out of the interpretations of precedent made by individual judges who traveled from area to area, which helped bind England together.

Question 33

Star Chamber

Answer 33

The court where royal councilors sat with decorations on the ceiling of the room. There was no jury, local lords had no influence, and decisions were quick and fair. Eventually, Star Chamber and other royal courts that derive their jurisdiction from the authority of the king himself came to seen as threats to England's traditional common law.

Question 34

Privy Council

Answer 34

A council consisting of the king's principal advisers to coordinate and direct royal government. This was one of Henry VIIII's additions to the government after his break from the Roman Church that gave the king more power.

Question 35

Louis XI

Answer 35

French king who with the upkeep of troops, accounted for more than half of the royal expenditures in his reign. He also put together a coalition against Charles the Bold, who was one of the successive dukes of Burgundy, who assembled a conglomeration of territories. The coalition was successful, and Charles was killed, and Louis then reannexed the duchy of Burgundy itself.

Question 36

Ferdinand

Answer 36

The king of Sicily and heir to the throne of Aragon who married Isabella, the future queen of Castile. Created a new political entity: "The Kingdom of Spain"

Question 37

Castile

Answer 37

The center kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula that had a population of more than 8 million people and was the largest and richest area. It was the last kingdom still fighting Muslims on its southern frontier. They had built up both a great chivalric tradition and considerable political strength as a result of their exploits, and their status was enhanced by the religious fervor that the long struggle had inspired.

Question 38

Corregidor

Answer 38

Minor royal official who was given new powers and a position of responsibility within the administrative hierarchy. Became the chief executive and judicial officer in his region and supervising town affairs.

Question 39

Moriscos

Answer 39

Former Muslims who were suspected of practicing their old beliefs in secret. Were eventually exiled from Spain.

Question 40

Bullion

Answer 40

Gold and silver in bars or ingots. Lead to an inflation with the huge quantities the Spaniards imported from the New World, which made money readily available.

Question 41

Matthias Corvinus

Answer 41

Ruler of the Kingdom of Hungary. Restrained the great nobles, expanded and centralized his administration , dramatically increased the yield of taxations, and established a standing army. However, after his death, royal authority immediately collapsed and by the mid-sixteenth century, a revival of central authority had become impossible.

Question 42

The Prince

Answer 42

Written by Nicolo Machiavelli, the prince outlines the methods to be used to deal with insurrection and the many other problems that rules encounter. Shows that fear and respect are the bases of their authority and they must exercise care at all times not to relax their control over potential troublemakers or over their image among the people.