Chapter 14

Question 1

Types of Carbohydrates;

Answer 1

Complex Carbohydrates: Examples include whole grains, legumes, and vegetables; provide sustained energy.

Simple Carbohydrates: Examples include fruits, candies, and sugary beverages; offer a quick burst of energy.

Question 2

Glycemic Index

Answer 2

Measures carbohydrate digestion rate and its effect on blood glucose levels.

Question 3

Water is classified as a…

Answer 3

macronutrient; essential for bodily functions.

Question 3

What are proteins? What is the requirement?

Answer 3

Molecules involved in cellular functions

Protein Requirements: Average adult needs 0.8g protein per kilo of body weight.

Question 4

Types of Fats? What state at room temperature?

Answer 4

Saturated Fats: Solid at room temperature; found in animal products (e.g., butter).

Unsaturated Fats: Liquid at room temperature; found in plant oils (e.g., olive oil).

Question 5

Hydrogenation

Answer 5

Process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats, creating unhealthy trans fats.

Question 6

Vitamins. Fat vs Water Soluble
How is water soluble vitamins released? Can fat soluble be toxic in excess?

Answer 6

Fat Soluble: A, D, E, K; can be toxic in excess.

Water Soluble: B, C; non-toxic, eliminated through urine.

Question 7

Minerals- importance of iron and electrolytes

Answer 7

Iron: Necessary for oxygen transport.
Electrolytes: Balance fluid levels, maintain blood pressure, and conduct nerve impulses.

Question 8

Energy Equation

Answer 8

Energy Storage = Energy Intake - Energy Output.

Question 9

Calories per Macronutrient

Answer 9

Fat: 9 calories per gram.
Carbohydrates: 4 calories per gram.
Protein: 4 calories per gram

Question 10

Set-Point Theory

Answer 10

Internal control maintaining body weight; RMR decreases during food restrictions

Question 10

What is Daily Caloric Need

Answer 10

Number of calories needed to maintain current body weight

Question 11

Parts of the Female Athlete Triad

Answer 11

Low energy availability, menstrual irregularities, low bone mass

Question 12

How does the body regulate temperature

Answer 12

Reflex Dilation of the skin- First reflex is the dilation of the vessels in the skin, which forces more blood to the surface of the skin

Sweating- Releases sweat on the skin’s surface, sweat then evaporates and it removes heat from the skin.

Question 13

What is Dehydration?

Answer 13

Excessive fluid loss of liquids and electrolytes

Question 14

Symptoms of; Muscle Cramps, Heat Exhaustion, Define Heat Stroke. What are they caused by?

Answer 14

Muscle cramps- The symptoms include painful muscle twitches, followed by total muscle cramps

Heat exhaustion- Symptoms of this dangerous condition include a high body temperature; pale, cool, and clammy skin; light-headedness; and possibly loss of consciousness

Heat Stroke- A life-threatening condition that occurs when there is a complete failure of the body’s heat-regulatory system. Symptoms include a very high body temperature, headache, confusion or behavioural change and possibly a loss of consciousness.

Caused by excessive dehydration

Question 15

Hyponatremia

Answer 15

A condition where there’s low sodium concentration in the blood, often a result of excessive water intake.

Question 16

Body Mass Index – what is it? Equation?

Answer 16

To calculate if they are underweight or overweight; BMI=weight(kg)/height(m2)