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Hematology > Chapter 14, 15, 16, and 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 14, 15, 16, and 17 Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils (banded or segmented), basophils, and eosinophils.

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1
Q

What are the three general classifications of WBCs?

A

Granulocytes, Monocytes, and Lymphocytes

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2
Q

What is the normal range for WBCs?

A

4.5 - 11.0 (10^3/mm^3)

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3
Q

What is the sequence of granulocytic maturation? Starting from immature to most mature.

A 
Myeloblast (blast)
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Banded neutrophil
Segmented neutrophil
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4
Q

What two components is peripheral blood divided into?

A 
Circulating pool (moving in the blood vessels)
Marginal pool (cells sticking to the sides of blood vessels)
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5
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Movement of cells from marginal to circulating pool

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6
Q

What is the main function of monocytes?

A

Phagocytosis

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7
Q

Where do you find monocytes?

A

In the peripheral blood

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8
Q

What are monocytes called when they are found outside of the peripheral blood?

A

Macrophages

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9
Q

What does it mean if a segmented neutrophil has a Barr body?

A

It’s a girl

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10
Q

What is the sequence of development for a monocyte (macrophage)?

A

Monoblast ➡️ Promonocyte ➡️ Monocyte

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11
Q

What is the normal circulation half-life of a monocyte?

A

8 hours

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12
Q

What are some characteristics of monocytes?

A

Largest normal cell in peripheral blood.
“Lace-like” nuclear chromatin.
Large, irregular nucleus.
Large, irregular, blue-gray, “ground glass” cytoplasm.

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13
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Cellular engulfment of foreign substances (bacteria, viruses, and fungi)

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14
Q

Which two WBCs are the principle phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils and monocytes ( macrophages)

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15
Q

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

A

Chemotaxis, engulfment, and digestion.

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16
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Cellular damage produces chemical signals that attract phagocytes.

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17
Q

What happens during the engulfment step?

A

Cell membrane wraps around particle and form a phagosome (pocket) around the foreign object.

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18
Q

What promotes phagocytosis?

A

Antibody-complement (opsonization)

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19
Q

Are phagocytes that automatic death of organisms?

A

No, phagocytes may spread microorganisms throughout the body.

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20
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils?

A
  • Suppression of inflammation
  • Inactivate chemical substances from the basophils
  • Immune activity against some parasites
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21
Q

What are the functions of basophils?

A
  • Antigenic stimulation causes granular release of histamine/heparin
  • Promotes vasodilation and vascular permeability
  • Associated with anaphylactic shock
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22
Q

What are the functions of basophils?

A
  • Phagocytosis

- Synthesis of immune regulators (complement, interferon)

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23
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

Increased WBC count

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24
What is leukopenia?
Decreased WBC count
25
What is a "shift to the left"?
Terminology used to describe the presence of excessive numbers of immature neutrophils. Lots of bands, metamyelocytes, and myelocytes. Associated with infection, acute appendicitis.
26
What is neutrophilia?
Lots of neutrophils usually caused by infection, inflammation, trauma, stress, and leukemias.
27
What is eosinophilia?
Lots of eosinophils caused by allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
28
What is basophilia?
Lots of basophils caused by ulcerative colitis, hyperlipidemia, and chickenpox.
29
What is monocytosis?
Lots of monocytes caused by infection rheumatoid arthritis and fever.
30
What does it mean when you have a high WBC count?
Probably fighting off an infection.
31
What happens when you have a low WBC count?
High risk of infection.
32
What is the most common cause of leukopenia/neutropenia?
Chemotherapy
33
What is neutropenia? What causes it?
Low neutrophil count. Usually caused by: Bone marrow injury (irradiation, chemo, and infection) Malignant infiltration of marrow (leukemias) Nutritional deficiency (Folate and B12) Increased WBC destruction (severe infection) Splenic entrapment (spleen eating up WBCs)
34
What is eosinopenia?
Low eosinophils. Caused by severe infection and glucocorticosteroid hormones.
35
What is a leukomoid reaction?
Increased mature and immature granulocytes. Not the same as leukemia.
36
What is a leukoerythroblastic reaction?
Immature WBCs and RBCs (NRBCs) in peripheral blood.
37
Is Pelger-Huet Anomaly benign?
Yes
38
What are qualitative disorders?
These usually means your blood isn't working properly but your tests are showing normal ranges.
39
What are some examples of qualitative disorders?
``` Defective locomotion (RA, liver disease, CGD) Impaired chemotaxis (Diabetes mellitus, Chediak-Higashi, Jobs) ```
40
What do B-Lymphs do?
Antibody synthesis (makes antibodies)
41
What do T-Lymphs do?
Antigen recognition
42
What is a plasma cell?
A fully differentiated B-Lymph
43
What is the percentage of lymphs in peripheral blood?
5%
44
What is the percentage of lymphs in lymph tissue?
95%
45
What is the maturation sequence of Normal Lymphocytes?
Lymphoblast➡️ Prolymphocyte ➡️ Mature Lymphocyte
46
All abnormal lymphs are lumped together and called ___________ _____________.
Atypical lymphocytes
47
Atypical lymphocytes are associated with....
Viral infections such as viral pneumonias, hepatitis, and mononucleosis.
48
What is the function of a T-Lymph (cellular immunity)?
Antigen recognition and B-Lymph regulation
49
What is the function of the B-Lymp (humoral immunity)?
Antibody production. A mature activated B-Lymph is a plasma cell.
50
What are 4 characteristics of monocytes?
Large cell Lots of cytoplasm Vacuoles Irregular, folder nucleus
51
What are plasma cells?
B-Lymphs that are actively synthesizing antibodies. They are not normally in the peripheral blood (maybe 1-2%).
52
Describe what a Myeloblast looks like.
Fine, homogeneous nuclear chromatin with possible nucleoli. | Basophilic cytoplasm with no granules.
53
Describe what a promyelocyte looks like.
Large cell with immature nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm Azurophilic ( pink ) granules in the cytoplasm Nucleoli may be present
54
Describe what a Myelocyte looks like.
Round - oval nucleus. Nucleus getting coarser , cytoplasm lighter Nucleoli absent. First appearance of specific granules – This is neutrophilic myelocyte.
55
Describe what a Metamyelocyte looks like.
Nucleus begins to indent ( “kidney bean” ) | Coarse nucleus.
56
What is the normal range for lymphcytes?
20-40 %
57
What is lymphocytopenia?
Decreased lymphocytes
58
What is lymphocytosis?
Increased lymphocytes
59
What are some causes of lymphocytosis?
Acute viral infections (mono, hepatitis) most common Some bacterial infections (Bordetela, Syphillis, and Brucella) Some parasitic infections (Toxoplasmosis) Drug reactions
60
What are some causes of lymphocytopenia?
HIV and genetic immune deficiencies
61
What is infectious mononucleosis?
Caused by Epstein-Barr virus infection DNA virus 10-50 day incubation period Causes atypical lymphs
62
What are some characteristics of atypical lymphs?
RBC indentation of the lymphocyte cytoplasm with blue ridge Large irregular nuclei and large amounts of irregular cytoplasm Nuclear chromatin may appear immature with possible nuclei
63
What is Cytomegalovirus (CMV)?
Herpes virus famiy - DNA virus | Leukocytosis with atypical lymphs
64
What is Toxoplasmosis?
Infection by the intracellular parasite Common in cats Infection caused by litter boxes, undercooked or raw meat Causes lymphocytosis with atypical lymphs
65
What is infectious lymphocytosis?
Increased lymphocytes | Usually seen in children
66
What is Bordetella pertussis?
``` Bacterial infection Acquired from airborne droplets Very infectious Causes cleaved (baby butt) lymphocytes Lymphocytosis ```

Hematology (7 decks)

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