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BIO 2600 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

characteristics of mitochondria

A

contain own DNA and ribosomes
can change shape and position in cell, depending on where needed most

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2
Q

where are most mitochondria expected to be located

A

where ATP is needed for movement
(near contractile apparatus in heart muscle cells, near the tail in sperm)

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3
Q

which mitochondrial membrane is more permeable

A

OMM, contains transport proteins, porins, making intermembrane space very similar to the cytosol

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4
Q

IMM permeability

A

not permeable to ions and small molecules unless by specific transporter

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5
Q

what is the purpose of the folding of the IMM

A

more surface area for ETC proteins

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6
Q

what are the electron carriers that carry high-energy electrons from glucose to the ETC

A

NADH and FADH2

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7
Q

what is the etc

A

respiratory chain of 3 large enzyme complexes in the IMM, facilitates transfer of high energy e- from NADH to O2 while pumping protons into the intermembrane space

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8
Q

final e- acceptor of ETC

A

O2

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9
Q

chemiosmotic coupling

A

process of proton gradient across membrane drives ATP synthesis
allows cells to harness electron transfer energy

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10
Q

DNP/Thermogenin effects

A

physical disruption of the IMM, uncouples proton gradient/ATP synthase and causes energy to be lost as heat
thermogenin naturally occurs in brown fat tissue and generates heat (keeps babies warm)

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11
Q

how does DNP work

A

decouples H+ gradient and ATP synthesis by making IMM more permeable to H+
H+ flows back into matrix without producing ATP

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12
Q

consequences of DNP

A

excessive weight loss and high heat generation

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13
Q

difference between brown and white adipocyte

A

brown: lots of small spots
white: one big spot

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14
Q

NADH

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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15
Q

oxidation of NADH

A

hydride ion is removed and converted to proton and 2e-

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16
Q

three respiratory enzyme complexes in ETC

A

NADH dehydrogenase complex
(passed via ubiquinone)
cytochrome c reductase
(passed via cytochrome c)
cytochrome c oxidase

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17
Q

which respiratory enzyme complexes pump H+ across membrane into intermembrane space

A

all 3 of them

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18
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP synthesis which consumes O2 and forms ATP
requires 4e- from NADH to covert O2 to 2H2O

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19
Q

balanced equation of nadh tranferring e- to water

A

2NADH + O2 + 2H+ -> 2NAD+ + 2H2O

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20
Q

high energy bonds in ATP

A

two outermost phosphate groups held by phosphoanhydride bonds - hydrolysis of the terminal phosphates generates energy to drive unfavorable rxns

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21
Q

why does FADH2 produce less energy than NADH

A

starts with e- at a slightly lower energy level and passes them directly to ubiquinone (bypass NADH dehydrogenase complex)

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22
Q

forces that push H+ down its electrochemical gradient

A

large membrane potential force (delta V)
smaller concentration gradient force (delta pH)
both work together to create steep electrochemical gradient pushing H+ back into the matrix

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23
Q

ATP Synthase F1 portion

A

head portion, located in matrix, contains binding sites for ADP and Pi, changes conformation to force together and convert ADP +Pi into ATP

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24
Q

ATP synthase F0 portion

A

within IMM, H+ carrier that rotates as H+ passes through and induces conformational change in the head portion
3ATP per revolution

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25
reversal of ATP synthase
can use ATP hydrolysis to pump H+ against electrochemical gradient depends on the strength of H+ gradient
26
other uses for H+ gradient
transport small molecules across mitochondrial membrane voltage gradient drives pumping of ADP into matrix and ATP out of matrix (antiports) pH gradient drives import of pyruvate and Pi into matrix (symports)
27
Redox potentials
measure of electron affinity low redox pot = low e- affinity
28
how do e- move between redox potentials
low redox pot to high
29
redox potential of NADH/NAD+ vs O2/H2O
NADH has low redox potential compared to O2 very high redox potential
30
flavin
tightly bound to NADH dehydrogenase complex receives e- from NADH
31
iron sulfur center
tightly bound to NADH dehydrogenase complex donates e- to ubiquinone
32
ubiquinone (coenzyme-Q or Co-Q)
small hydrophobic non-protein molecule within IMM carries e- within lipid bilayer
33
cytochromes
proteins with one or more heme groups heme groups contain e- binding iron atom greater affinity for e- than other carriers
34
cytochrome c oxidase complex
13 dif proteins receives e- from cytochrome c and catalyzes reduction of O2 (pumps 4H+ across membrane in process) binds tightly to superoxide radicals (O2-) until they find H+
35
O2 reduction equation
4e- + 4H+ + O2 -> 2H2O
36
effects of free superoxide radicals (O2-)
will grab another 3e- from anywhere oxidative damage to DNA/cells if accumulate associated with aging
37
cyanide poison function
binds cytochrome c oxidase and halts e- transport to O2 and ATP synthesis
38
function of NADH and ctyochrome c oxidase as proton pumps
3 conformations: A, B, and C high affinity in A and B - pick up H+ on matrix side and hold tightly low affinity in C - release H+ to intermembrane space energy input to switch from B to C - provided by e- transfer
39
photosynthesis
series of light-driven reactions that use CO2 to make organic molecules (sugars) and releases O2
40
true or false: both photosynthesis and cellular respiration use an electron transport chain to make a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis
true
41
what energy is harnessed to create proton gradient in chloroplasts
sunlight
42
where does ox. phosph. occur in bacteria and archaea
plasma membrane
43
Stage 1 photosynthesis
light capturing machinery in the thylakoid membrane produces ATP and NADPH which are then transferred to the stroma
44
Stage 2 photosynthesis
carbon fixation of CO2 to sugars using ATP and NADPH from Stage 1
45
which stage of photosynthesis resembles oxidative phosphorylation
stage 1; ETC in thylakoid membrane harnesses electron transport to pump H+ across membrane to thylakoid space to drive ATP synthase
46
what is the final e- acceptor of Stage 1 of photosynthesis
NADP+ / NADPH
47
where does the high energy e- come from for stage 1 of photosynthesis
chlorophyll special pair that has absorbed light energy excites the electron and passes it on; replenished by water
48
Stage 2 of photosynthesis, and products
ATP and NADPH from stage 1 used to convert CO2 to sugar (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P))
49
where does stage 2 of photosynthesis occur
stroma
50
which stage of photosynthesis requires light
stage 1 requires; stage 2 can happen in light or dark
51
what happens to the 3 carbon sugar (G3P) produced from the calvin cycle
exported out of chloroplast into cytosol for cell to make more complex sugars like glucose OR stored as starches within the stroma
52
where do the light reactions occur in photosynthesis
thylakoid membrane
53
which stage of photosynthesis requires water
stage 1; electrons in chlorophyll replenished by oxidation of H2O to O2
54
can the chloroplast export the ATP produced in light rxns
no, inner membrane of chloroplast is impermeable to ATP
55
photosystems
multiprotein complexes that hold chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoid membrane
56
reaction center
part of the photosystem that holds special pair of chlorophyll that traps high energy light and transfers as chemical energy in form of e-
57
antenna complexes
part of the photosystem that absorbs light energy, high energy light transfers between chlorophyll molecules until reaches special pair
58
structure of chlorophyll
hydrophobic tail and light-absorbing porphyrin ring
59
charge-separated state
high energy electrons transferred from the special pair to mobile carrier, making carrier negative and special pair positive
60
how is the charge-separated state restored to neutral charges
special pair electron replaced by oxidation of water, and mobile carrier delivers high energy electron to ETC
61
water-splitting enzyme located where and function
photosystem 2 catalyzes extraction of electrons from water
62
functions of photosystems I and II
1 produces proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis (photophosphorylation) 2 catalyzes the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH
63
where does photosystem 1 replenish its electrons from
electrons from photosystem 2 chain
64
Calvin cycle
uses ATP and NADPH from light rxns to produce sugar from CO2 and water
65
enzyme used to catalyze calvin cycle
Rubisco (highly inefficient)
66
how does the chloroplast overcome the extreme inefficiency of Rubisco
highly concentrate substrate ribulose 1,5-biphosphate
67
3 steps in the calvin cycle
carbon fixation sugar formation regeneration
68
carbon fixation step in calvin cycle
combines CO2 with 5 carbon RuBP to make 6 carbon compound that is split into 2 3-carbon molecules, catalyzed by Rubisco
69
sugar formation step in calvin cycle
ATP and NADPH used to convert 3 carbon molecules to G3P (or pGAL)
70
regeneration step of calvin cycle
some G3P exported, while some used to regenerate RuBP, requires ATP
71
how much CO2 required to export one G3P
3 (Calvin cycle runs 3x)
72
how much ATP and NADPH used to generate one G3P
9 ATP and 6NADPH
73
how many ATPs, CO2, and NADPH are consumes to make one molecule of glucose
18 ATP, 6CO2, 12 NADPH
74
3 stages of ox. phosph. evolution
stage 1: evolution of ATPase that pumped protons out of cell using ATP hydrolysis Stage 2: evolution of dif. proton pump driven by electron transport chain Stage 3: link of two systems generated ATP synthase that uses protons pumped by ETC to synthesize ATP

BIO 2600 (15 decks)

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