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BIO 2600 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

activation energy

A

the energy barrier before a molecule can undergo a chemical reaction that moves it to a lower energy/more stable state

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2
Q

what reduces activation energy in cells

A

enzymes

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3
Q

where is the energy generated from step-wise breakdown of sugar stored

A

high energy bonds in ATP and other activated carriers

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4
Q

3 stages of food breakdown (catabolism)

A
  1. Digestion in mouth and digestive organs
  2. Glycolysis
  3. Citric acid cycle and ETC
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5
Q

how does saliva help to digest food

A

salivary amylase breaks down complex sugars into simple sugars
salivary lipases break down fats

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6
Q

enzymes activated by acid in gut lumen to digest food

A

pepsin: breakdown of proteins to amino acids
gastric lipases: breakdown of TAG to glycerol and fatty acids

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7
Q

intestinal enzymes in food digestion process

A

amylases - breaks down starch into sugars
proteases (e.g. trypsin) - break down proteins by hydrolyzing peptide bonds
lipases - breaks down fats
nucleases - breaks down nucleic acids

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8
Q

in and out of glycolysis; net

A

In: 1 glucose, 2 ATP, 4ADPs, 2NAD+
Out: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2ADP
Net: 1 Glucose, 2ADP, 2NAD+ -> 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2NADH

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9
Q

glycolysis oxygen requirements

A

anaerobic, does not require O2

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10
Q

number of steps in glycolysis

A

10, each catalyzed by a different enzyme

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11
Q

investment phase of glycolysis

A

steps 1 and 3
consume 2 ATP

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12
Q

payoff phase of glycolysis

A

steps 6-10
produce 4 ATPs and 2 NADH

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13
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytosol

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14
Q

glycolysis irreversible steps

A

1, 3, 10

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15
Q

glycolysis step 1

A

converts glucose to Glu-6-P
enzyme: hexokinase
traps glucose in cell
irreversible

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16
Q

glycolysis step 3

A

commitment to glycolysis
major regulatory step
enzyme: phosphofructokinase1 (pfk1)
regulated by insulin (promoter) and glucagon (inhibitor)
irreversible

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17
Q

glycolysis step 10

A

pyruvate synthesis
regulated by energy presence in cell
inhibited in energy rich conditions, promoted in energy poor conditions

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18
Q

glycolysis step 4

A

doubles number of molecules (splits 6C to 2 3C molecules)

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19
Q

glycolysis step 6

A

energy payoff begins
production of NADH

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20
Q

what steps of glycolysis produce ATP

A

7 and 10

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21
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

transfer of phosphate from substrate (sugar intermediate) to ADP to make ATP

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22
Q

Where does pyruvate go after glycolysis when O2 is available?

A

Actively transported to the mitochondria to be further oxidized

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23
Q

Where does NADH go after glycolysis if oxygen is available?

A

transported to the mitochondria to be used by the electron transport chain to replenish NAD+

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24
Q

where does pyruvate go if there is no O2 available?

A

fermentation (lactic acid in humans or ethanol in yeast)

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25
main purpose of fermentation
regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue
26
what does fermentation produce
NAD+ NO ATP lactate OR ethanol and CO2
27
pyruvate oxidation product
acetyl CoA (2C), CO2, and NADH
28
enzyme is pyruvate oxidation
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (large 3 enzyme multi-subunit complex)
29
what is the purpose of the citric acid acycle
complete oxidation of AcetylCoA
30
waste product of TCA
2 CO2 per round
31
what is AcetylCoA first transferred to as the first step in the TCA cycle; forms what compound
added to oxaloacetate (4 carbons); forms citric acid/citrate
32
as citrate is oxidized, what products are released/produced
3NADH, 1FADH2, and 1GTP
33
how many steps/reactions are in the TCA cycle
8
34
what is regenerated at the end of the TCA cycle
oxaloacetate
35
does the TCA cycle use molecular O2
does not use it directly; but does require it to proceed since it replenishes NAD+ needed to proceed by accepting electrons at end of ETC
36
how many CO2 molecules are produced by the complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule
6 CO2 (2 from pyruvate oxidation, and 2 from each acetylcoA) 6 carbon glucose produces 6 CO2 - all carbons detached in full oxidation
37
ATP per glucose
30 (7 from glycolysis, 3 from pyruvate oxidation (5-2 for transport of 2 NADH into mitochondria), 10 from TCA cycle)
38
how many NADH produced from one gluocse
10 (2 from glycolysis, 2 from pyruvate oxidation, 6 from TCA cycle)
39
where are fatty acids converted to acetylCoA
mitochondrial matrix
40
where does the citric acid cycle take place
mitochondrial matrix
41
where does pyruvate oxidation take place
mitochondrial matrix
42
does beta-oxidation require O2
requires to proceed but does not use it directly
43
process of releasing fatty acids from TAG and activating
uses water and ATP, couples fatty acid to HS-CoA to create fatty acyl CoA which enters beta oxidation
44
products of one round of beta oxidation
1FADH2, 1NADH, 1 acetylCoA
45
catabolic vs anabolic
catabolic break down and produce energy and building blocks anabolic use building blocks and energy to synthesize new molecules
46
feedback regulation
allows cells to switch between anabolism and catabolism to adapt to changes in food availability or energy expenditure by inhibiting or activating an enzyme in pathway
47
gluconeogenesis
opposite of glycolysis makes glucose from pyruvate
48
when does gluconeogenesis occur
when blood glucose levels are low (starving/fasting/exercise)
49
how does gluconeogenesis run irreversible glycolysis rxns in reverse
requires different enzymes to reverse or bypass irreversible steps
50
energy cost of gluconeogenesis
4ATP and 2GTP per glucose
51
where does gluconeogenesis happen
only in liver
52
phosphorylation as an enzyme regulator
phosphorylation can either increase or decrease protein activity depending on binding site and structure of protein
53
phosphorylation/dephosphorylation enzyme
protein kinases add phosphate group phosphatase removes group
54
how does phosphorylation regulate protein activity
phosphate group covalently attaches to 1 or more amino acid side chains and causes conformational change
55
how is the enzyme pfk1 regulated
allosterically regulated by the binding of many substrates activated by ADP/AMP/Pi inhibited by ATP
56
enzyme that reverses step three of glycolysis (opposite of pfk1), and regulation
fructose 1,6-biphosphatase activated by ATP inhibited by ADP/AMP/Pi
57
G6P role as glycolysis regulator
inhibitor of pfk1, prevents the cell from making more than it needs and wasting energy
58
how do cells store excess glucose
glycogen, stored in granules in cytoplasm
59
first source of energy for cell in starvation
glycogen (gluconeogenesis is energetically costly)
60
which cells breakdown glycogen to export glucose to other cells as food
liver cells
61
which cells have glycogen for own needs but cannot export
muscle cells
62
effect of glycogen phosphorylase
causes glycogenolysis break down to glycogen to G6P inhibited by allosteric binding of G6P
63
glycogen synthetase enzyme
glycogenesis production of glycogen from G6P activated by binding of G6P
64
which glycogen enzyme is inhibited by binding of G6P
glycogen phosphorylase, high G6P indicates no more glycogen needs to be broken down
65
ATP inhibits which glycogen enzyme
glycogen phosphorylase (enough energy, don't need to make more G6P)
66
low G6P causes what
activation of glycogen phosphorylase inhibition of glycogen synthetase
67
low ATP causes what
activation of glycogen phosphorylase inhibition of glycogen synthetase
68
would high ATP favor glycogen breakdown or synthesis
synthesis; cell starts storing energy
69
effect of high insulin on glycogen enzymes
inhibits glycogen phosphorylase activates glycogen synthetase (because there is high glucose from the blood entering cells)
70
when does insulin secretion occur
after eating when blood glucose levels are high and cell can be storing energy
71
which stores more energy per weight: fat or glycogen
fats; glycogen stores a lot of water weight with it
72
How long can glycogen stores last
about a day
73
after a meal, what do cells do with the glucose
used for energy (glycolysis) excess used to synthesize glycogen and fatty acids
74
what is the result of shorter term fasting (a day or less)
glycogen breakdown and beta oxidation of fatty acids
75
what is the result of starvation (long term fasting)
no more glycogen to break down- beta-oxidation and gluconeogenesis to create glucose needed for brain function
76

BIO 2600 (15 decks)

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