Chapter 14 Flashcards
Migration
movements to a from mating/feeding sites
Obligatory vs Irruptive migration
regularly
only when conditions are poor
Costs of migration
dangerous, weight loss, adapt to different environments, habitat loss
Benefits of migration
avoid bad environments and starving, avoid predation and competition,
Migration effects on reproductive fitness
can produce more offspring with lower predation if stays, migration reduces time to reproduce, fewer young, high predation/competition if goes
Migration effects on adult survival
endure winter, migration allows for better winter survival, always favorable environment migrated to
Nomadic
moving around based on resource availability
Navigation
using cues to determine where you are in relation to where you’re going
Piloting
locating resources based on its relationship to fixed cues
Tinbergen wasp study
arrangement matters more than the object
Types of landmarks used to navigate
magnetic, sun, star, olfaction
habitat choice is based on
shelter, food, mate, environment, disease avoidance
Ideal free distribution model
individuals choose a habitat based on its effect on their fitness
assumptions of the IFD model and prediction
free to move, know which has what resources
predicts that animals choose best resources, once secondary outweighs first, they should move to secondary
As number of individuals in a habitat increase, profitability…
decreases
Equilibrium distribution point
can do equally well in either point
Resource matching rule
individuals should distribute themselves based on available resources
the fractions should be equal
resources/individuals
Ideal despotic distribution model
aggressive, territorial behavior forces some to move to secondary before equilibrium point is reached
Territoriality and its benefits/costs
occupation and defense of an area
whats provided for them
have to be defended
Economically feasible territories are the ones…
between benefit and cost lines
as cost increases…
territory sizes increase
Optimal territory size…
is when benefit is highest and cost is lowest
is greater with fewer resources
Davies and Houston study proved owners should tolerate intruders if…
food is available (byproduct mutualism)
Conspecific cueing
same species choose territory based on what others have chosen, choose randomly if no owner present
