Chapter 14

Question 1

medical model

Answer 1

the conceptualization of psychological disorders as diseases that, like physical diseases, have biological causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures

Question 2

DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostics and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders [Fourth Edition, Text Revision])

Answer 2

a classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems.

Question 3

DSM-IV-TR qualifications for a disorder

Answer 3

• symptoms that invlve disturbances of behavior, thoughts, or emotions
• symptoms are associated with significant personal distress or impairment
• the symptoms stem from an internal dysfunction (biological, psychological, or both)

Question 4

comorbidity

Answer 4

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

Question 5

diathesis-stress model

Answer 5

suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disroder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

Question 6

anxiety disorder

Answer 6

the class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature

(includes generalized anxiety disorder, phobic disorders, panic, and obsessive compulsive disorder)

Question 7

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Answer 7

a disorder characteriszed by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance

Question 8

phobic disorders

Answer 8

disorders characterized by marked, persistant, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities or situations

Question 9

specific phobia

Answer 9

a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function

• five categories:
  1. animals
  2. natural environments (heights, darkness, etc)
  3. situations (bridges)
  4. blood, injections or injury
  5. ohter phobias (illness, death, etc)

Question 10

social phobia

Answer 10

a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarassed

Question 11

preparedness theory

Answer 11

the idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears

Question 12

panic disorder

Answer 12

a disorder characterized by the sudden occurrance of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror

Question 13

agoraphobia

Answer 13

an extreme fear of venturing in public places

-many just have a fear of having a panic attack in public places

Question 14

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Answer 14

a disorder in which repetitive, intrusive, thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning

Question 15

mood disorders

Answer 15

mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature

Question 16

major depressive disorder

Answer 16

a disorder characteriszed by severely depressed mood that lasts 2 weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances

Question 17

dysthymia

Answer 17

a disorder that involves the same symptoms as in depression only less severe, but the symptoms last longer, persisting for at least 2 years

Question 18

double depression

Answer 18

a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression

Question 19

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Answer 19

depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern

Question 20

right dorsolateral cortex

Answer 20

increased activation linked to depression

(decreased activation in left also linked to depressions)

Question 21

helplessness theory

Answer 21

the idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (ex: their own fault), stable (unlikely to change), and global (widespread)

Question 22

bipolar disorder

Answer 22

an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistant high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)

Question 23

dissociative disorder

Answer 23

a condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years

Question 24

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 24

the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual’s behavior

Question 25

dissociative amnesia

Answer 25

the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information

Question 26

dissociative fugue

Answer 26

the sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity

Question 27

schizphrenia

Answer 27

a disorder charcterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior symptoms: - delusion - hallucination - disorganized speech - grossly disorganized behavior - catatonic behavior - negative symptoms

Question 28

delusion

Answer 28

a patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of irrationality ex: he thinks he's Jesus

Question 29

hallucination

Answer 29

a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation -hearing, seeing, smelling

Question 30

disorganized speech

Answer 30

a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic

Question 31

grossly disorganized behavior

Answer 31

behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances - ex: childlike silliness, innapropriate sexual behavior (like masturbating in public), etc

Question 32

catatonic behavior

Answer 32

a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity - catatonic stupor = unaware of their surroundings

Question 33

negative symptoms

Answer 33

emotional and social withdrawal; apathy; povery of speech; and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation, and emotion

Question 34

5 types of schizophrenia

Answer 34

- paranoid type - catatonic type - disorganized type - undifferentiated type - residual type

Question 35

dopamine hypothesis

Answer 35

the idea that schizphrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity

Question 36

personality disorder

Answer 36

disorder characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning

Question 37

three clusters of personality disorders

Answer 37

- odd/ eccentric - dramatic/ erratic - axious / inhibited

Question 38

antisocial personality disorder (APD)

Answer 38

a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescense and continues into adulthood