Chapter 14

Question 1

a distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviour thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterized an individual

Answer 1

personality

Question 2

a characteristic of an individual describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking and feeling

Answer 2

trait

Question 3

a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud, it emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts

Answer 3

psychoanalysis

Question 4

theories that explain behaviour and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual

Answer 4

psychodynamic theories

Question 5

in psychoanalysis, the part of personality containing inherited psychic energy, particularly sexual and aggressive instincts

Answer 5

ID

Question 6

in psychoanalysis, the psychic energy that fuels the life or sexual instincts of the ID

Answer 6

Libido

Question 7

the psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents reason, good sense, and social standards.

Answer 7

EGO

Question 8

in psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents conscience, morality, and social standards

Answer 8

SUPER-EGO

Question 9

methods used by the ego to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness

Answer 9

defence mechanisms

Question 10

in Freud’s theory, the idea that sexual energy takes different forms as the child matures, the stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital

Answer 10

psychosexual stages

Question 11

in psychoanalysis, a conflict occurring in the phallic stage in which a child desires the parent of the other sex and views the same sex parent as a rival

Answer 11

Oedipus complex

Question 12

in Jungian theory, the universal memories and experiences of humankind, represented in the symbols, stories, and images (archetypes) that occur across all cultures.

Answer 12

collective unconscious

Question 13

universal, symbolic images that appear in myths, art, stories and dreams, to Junians, they reflect the collective unconscious

Answer 13

archetypes

Question 14

a psychodynamic approach that emphasizes the importance of the infant’s first two years of life and the baby’s formative relationships especially with the mother

Answer 14

object-relations school

Question 15

standardized questionnaires requiring written responses, they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves

Answer 15

objective tests (inventories)

Question 16

a statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among various measures or test scores, clusters of measures or scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait or ability (factor)

Answer 16

factor analysis

Question 17

physiological disposition to repsond to the environment in certain ways, they are present in infancy and in many nonhuman species ans are assumed to be innate

Answer 17

temperaments

Question 18

a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributed to genetic differences among individuals within a group

Answer 18

heritability

Question 19

in social cognitive theories, the two way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits

Answer 19

reciprocal determinism

Question 20

unique aspects of a persons environment and experience that are not shared with family members

Answer 20

non-shared environment

Question 21

a program o shared rules that governs the behaviour of members of a community or society and a set of values, beliefs and attitudes shared by most members of the community

Answer 21

culture

Question 22

cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others

Answer 22

individualist cultures

Question 23

cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships and harmony with ones group is prized above individual goals and wishes

Answer 23

collectivist cultures

Question 24

a psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth resistance, and the achievement of human potential

Answer 24

humanist psychology

Question 25

to Carl Rogers, love or support given to another person with no conditions attached

Answer 25

unconditional positive regard

Question 26

a philosophical approach that emphasizes the inevitable dilemmas and challenges of human existence

Answer 26

existentialism