chapter 14 Flashcards by Madison McAvoy

What is psychic energy?

generated by instinctual drives pressing for release

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When is the ID present?

birth

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How does the ID function

irrationally

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What basic biological urges does the ID have?

eating, drinking and sex

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What principle does it follow?

pleasure principle- maximize pleasure, minimize pain

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What is the Primary Process Theory (ID)?

if needs can’t be met with reality, fantasy will meet them

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When does the ego develop?

second

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what’s the reality principle (ego)?

tests reality to decide when ID can safely discharge impulses

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what is “executive of personality” (ego)?

must balance superego and ID

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when does the superego develop?

last

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What does superego decide?

if ego has been good or bad

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How does superego control the ego?

pride and guilt

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Three sources of anxiety in psychodynamic perspective:

reality- fear real world threats
neurotic- fear ID’s desires
moral- fear superego’s guilt

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What are defines mechanisms?

deny/distort reality to deal with anxiety

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What is the defence mechanism repression?

pushed to subconscious

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What is the defence mechanism regression?

mentally returning to earlier, safer state (tug sucking and bed wetting)

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What is the defence mechanism conversion?

conflict converted into physical symptom

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What is the defence mechanism isolation?

memories allowed back into consciousness but without motives or emotion

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What is the defence mechanism sublimation?

released in socially acceptable/admired behaviour

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What is the defence mechanism intellectualization?

situation treated as intellectually interesting event

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What is the defence mechanism displacement?

use secondary goal as an outlet

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What is the defence mechanism projection?

attributing impulse to other people

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What is the defence mechanism reaction formation?

exaggerated opposite behaviour

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Free association:

Freud
patient is to say anything no matter how trivial, embarrassing or unrelated
analyst looks for association and resistance

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Errors of speech and memory:

- Freudian slips - absent-mindedness - Freud believes these are motivations

Evaluating Psychoanalytic Theory:

limited data, bias, conceptual

Evidence supporting Freud:

subconscious processing: semantic primary effect | repression: memory lapses during therapy

Evidence against Freud:

dreams, anthropological evidence: oedipus complex not culturally universal

Neoanalysts:

disagree with Freud- not enough focus on cultural and social aspects

Adler

- humans motivated by social interest | - coined inferiority complex: drive to compensate for imagined defects

Jung (analytic psychology)

- personal and collective unconscious | - memories represented by archetypes

Object relations (Klein, Kernberg, Kohl, Haler)

- look at representations people form of themselves and others early in life - parents model later relationships - early attachment with parents has big impact later

Components of Carl Rogers self Theory

self, self-consistency, congruence, need for positive regard, unconditional positive regard, need for positive self regard, conditions of worth, fully functioning persons

What perspective is Carl tiger's Self Theory?

humanistic

What does Carl Roger's Self Theory state?

behaviour is response to immediate conscious experience of self and environment

What is congruence (Rogers)

consistency between self-preception and experience

What is unconditional positive regard (Rogers)?

child to parents (if don't get in childhood, get conditions of worth)

what is conditions of wroth (Rogers)?

dictate when approve ourselves (like superego)

Who has more self-esteem in teen years?

men

Who has more self-esteem in adulthood?

neither

Whats related to people with higher self-esteem?

give into pressure less, achieve higher, better love lives, happier

Whats related to people with lower self-esteem?

anxiety, depression, illness, poor social relationships, underachievement

What is self-verification

need preserve self concept by maintaining self-consistency and congruence

What is self-enhancement

need regard themselves positively

What does the humanistic perspective rely on too much?

individual reports of experiences

What does trait/biological perspective use?

factor analysis- allows researchers find which behaviours correlated

Cattell's 16 Personality Factors

people rated themselves and found 16 behaviour clusters

What's the 5 factor model?

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism (OCEAN) (6th sub category under each factor called facets) (NEO-PI test measures these)

What's self-monitoring?

one's tendency to tailor behaviour the situation

Eysenck

started 2 basic traits: introversion -extroversion and stability-instability (called instability-neuroticism) later added third: psychotics-self control

Name the 3 cognitive theorists

Rotter, Bandura, Mischel

What do social cognitive theorists focus on?

internal and external causes of personality

What is reciprocal determination?

person, behaviour and environment all influence each other

Rotter says whether we will do something is determined by:

expectancy and reinforcement value (how much desire/dread expected outcome)

Internal/external locks of control

called generalized expectancy

internal locus believe life outcomes are..

largely under personal control

external locus believe fate has to do with...

luck, chance, others

Bandura human agency

humans are active agents in own lives

Bandura 4 processes

intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, self-reflectiveness

what is self-efficacy?

beliefs concerning one's ability perform whats needed

4 determinants of self-efficacy:

previous performance attainments, observational learning, verbal persuasion, emotional arousal

Mischel's consistency paradox:

expect and perceive high consistency of personality, but in reality it varies greatly with situations

Mischel's cognitive-affective personality system:

person and situation matter

If-then behaviour consistencies:

there is consistency in behaviour in similar situations

Personality assessments

interviews, projective tests, rorschach inkblots, thematic apperception test, remote behaviour sampling, personality scales

2 types of personality scales

rational and empirical approach

2 types of projective tests

rorschach inkblots, thematic apperception test

What tests do psychodynamic theorists prefer?

projective

What tests do humanists prefer

self-report

What test do social cognitive theorists prefer?

behaviour assessments/sampling

What test do trait theorists/behaviour geneticists prefer?

personality scales

What do biological personality researchers use?

emotional reactivity/brain processes

chapter 14 Flashcards

(72 cards)