chapter 16 Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What is abnormal?
A
Distress (self or others), dysfunction (person or society), deviance (violate social norms)
2
Q
What are 9 major diagnostic categories?
A
Anxiety, dissociative, sexual and gender identity, mood, schizophrenic, eating, somatoform, substance abuse, personality disorders
3
Q
Describe anxiety disorders
A
frequent, no loss of contact with reality (phobias panic, OCD, PTSD)
4
Q
Describe dissociative disorders
A
problems with consciousness or self-identification (amnesia, multiple personalities)
5
Q
Describe sexual and gender identity disorders
A
sexual dysfunction, desire to be opposite sex (molestation, fetishes)
6
Q
Describe mood disorders
A
marked disturbances in mood (depression, mania)
7
Q
Describe schizophrenic disorders
A
disorder of thinking, perception and emotion (loss contact with reality)
8
Q
Describe eating disorders
A
anorexia and bulimia
9
Q
What did ancient scientists think of mental illness?
A
caused by demons
10
Q
What is trephination?
A
drill hole in skull to release the spirit
11
Q
What does Pythagoras suggest about mental disorders?
A
disease of the mind
12
Q
What was Rosenhan’s study
A
people got admitted into mental hospital by saying “I’m hearing voices” no one realized they were pretending, normal behaviour was taken as a symptom
13
Q
What’s the vulnerability-stress model (diathesis-stress model)?
A
everyone has degree vulnerability for developing psychological disorder, given sufficient stress
14
Q
Until the mid 70’s there was either…
A
neurosis or psychosis
15
Q
What is neurosis?
A
anxiety like a phobia (in touch with reality)
16
Q
What is psychosis?
A
thought disturbance like schizophrenia (lose touch with reality)
17
Q
what are some facts about anxiety disorders?
A
onset when younger, most prevalent disorder in north America, most common in females, affects 25% of people
18
Q
characteristics of anxiety disorders
A
subjective-emotional distress, avoidance-escape behaviour, interference in daily routine and social functioning
19
Q
What is a phobia?
A
strong/irrational fear of certain objects or situations
20
Q
Whats the biggest phobia in men?
A
heights
21
Q
whats the biggest phobias in women?
A
animals
22
Q
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
A
chronic “free-falling” anxiety not attached to specific situations or objects
23
Q
What is a panic disorder?
A
sudden, unpredictable and intense panic attacks
24
Q
When are panic disorders diagnosed
A
when patient has fear of future attacks
25
What are OCD obsessions and compulsions?
obsession- repetitive thoughts, images or impulses (cognitive)
compulsion- repetitive behavioural responses (behavioural)
26
What do compulsions prevent?
anxiety and panic attacks
27
What percent of OCD occurs in men and women?
2%
28
What does OCD have a genetic link to?
tourette's
29
What are the 5 causes of anxiety disorders?
biological factors, psychodynamic view, cognitive view, behavioural view, sociocultural
30
What is the percent concordance for anxiety disorders in identical and fraternal twins?
40 and 4%
31
What's the psychodynamic view of anxiety disorders?
impulses threatened overwhelm ego's defence
32
What does the psychodynamic view think GAD and panic attacks are?
when defences aren't strong enough to contain the anxiety
33
What does the cognitive view think of panic attacks?
triggered by exaggerated misinterpretation of normal anxiety symptoms
34
what is classical conditioning from the behavioural view?
develop phobia after being bitten by snake
35
What is observational learning from the behavioural view?
develop fear from watching tv
36
What is operant conditioning from the behavioural view?
avoidance/compulsions are negatively reinforced
37
What's the personality of anorexics?
perfectionists, high standards, need control
38
What's the personality of bulimics?
depressed, anxious, low impulse control
39
What are the physiological components of anorexics?
leptin levels rebound faster than weight so hard to gain weight
40
What are the physiological components of bulimics?
lose tastebuds making vomiting more tolerable
41
What are emotional high or lows called?
mania and depression
42
What are out of proportion to a person with depression life situation?
frequency, intensity and duration of depressive symptoms
43
What is dysthymia?
A version of depression with less dramatic effects on personal and occupational functioning
44
What are the 4 symptoms of depression?
mood, cognitive, motivational and somatic
45
What are mood symptoms?
can't enjoy biological pleasures (food/sex), is core feature of depression
46
What are motivational symptoms?
no drive and don't want to get out of bed
47
What are cognitive symptoms?
difficulty concentrating, making decision slow self esteem, expect failure, blame themselves
48
What are somatic symptoms?
loss appetite, fatigue, or weight gain from compulsive eating
49
How often does suicide happen?
every 40sec
50
What is bipolar disorder?
depression with periods of mania
51
What is the manic state?
no limits to what can be done
52
What happens in the manic state?
speech is rapid and unstoppable, less sleep, unable to sit
53
What are the 2 causes of mood disorders?
Biological and learning and environmental
54
what is reserpine and what does it do?
hypertension drug that induces depression by depleting monoamines
55
What is personality-based vulnerability?
Freud believed early loss creates vulnerability for later depression
56
What does Humanistic (Seligman) think on depression?
"me" generation sets selves up for depression, they react more strongly to own failure
57
What's learned helplessness theory?
depression happens when people expect bad events and believe there's nothing to prevent them
58
What's the cycle of depression?
- stressful experience
- negative explanatory style
- depressed mood
- cognitive and behavioural changes
- stressful experiences
59
What's the depressive cognitive triad?
negative belief about world, oneself and future
60
What's the depressive attributional pattern?
bad things are personal, good things are situational
61
What are somatoform disorders?
complaints of physical symptoms that are not possible
62
What are psychophysiological disorders?
psychological factors cause/contribute to real medical condition
63
What is conversion disorder?
serious neurological symptoms suddenly occur
64
What is glove anesthesia?
losing sensation only below wrist
65
What is the psychodynamic perspective on conversion disorder?
ego represses conflict by converting anxiety into physical symptom
66
What is hypochondriasis?
being alarmed about physical symptom, convinced have serious illness
67
What is pain disorder?
experience pain for no reason
68
What are the 3 dissociative disorders?
psychogenic amnesia, psychogenic fugue, dissociative identity disorder (DID)
69
What is psychogenic amnesia?
person responds to stressful event with extensive selective memory loss
70
What is psychogenic fugue?
person loses all sense of personal identity, gives up life and gets new identity
71
What is dissociative identity disorder?
2 or more separate personalities coexist in the same person
72
What is trauma-dissociation theory?
new personalities occur in response to severe stress (usually in childhood with physical/sexual abuse)
73
What is schizophrenia?
disturbances in thinking, speech, perception, emotion and behaviour (splitting of mental processes)
74
What are characteristics of someone with schizophrenia?
misinterpret reality, strange communication, grooming neglected, behaviour disorganized, delusions, hallucinations
75
What are delusions of persecution?
out to get me
76
What are delusions of grandeur?
extreme importance
77
What are the types of schizophrenia?
paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated
78
What is the paranoid type of schizophrenia?
delusions of persecution and magnificence
79
What is the catatonic type of schizophrenia?
motor disturbances: muscle rigidity or random movements
80
What is the stuporous state in the catatonic type of schizophrenia?
oblivious to reality
81
What is the disorganized type of schizophrenia?
confusion and incoherence, childlike behaviour
82
What is the undifferentiated type of schizophrenia?
a little bit of the symptoms from the other 3 types of schizophrenia
83
What is type 1 schizophrenia?
positive symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech, good history before breakdown, good after treatment
84
What is type 2 schizophrenia?
negative symptoms: lack of emotion, loss motivation, absence normal speech, history of poor functioning and poor outcome after treatment
85
What are the 4 cause of schizophrenia?
biological, psychological, environmental, sociocultural
86
What protein do schizophrenics have a problem with?
DISC 1
87
What is the dopamine hypothesis?
positive symptoms produced by overactivity of dopamine in motivation, emotion, and cognitive function areas
88
What are the 2 components of the psychological causes of schizophrenia?
Freud and cognitive
89
What does Freud think for the psychological cause of schizophrenia?
is extreme regression
90
What does cognitive think for the psychological cause of schizophrenia?
defect in attention mechanism, overwhelmed by stimuli
91
What are the 2 components of the sociocultural causes of schizophrenia?
social causation hypothesis and social drift hypothesis
92
What does the social causation hypothesis of sociocultural causes of schizophrenia state?
higher rates of schizophrenia in poor areas due to higher stress that low income causes
93
What does the social drift hypothesis of sociocultural causes of schizophrenia state?
schizophrenia causes lower occupational functioning so they move to low-cost urban housing
94
What are the 10 personality disorders?
antisocial, borderline, schizoid, histrionic, avoidant, schizotypal, narcissistic, dependent, paranoid, obsessive-compulsive
95
Describe antisocial
impulsive, lack empathy, highly manipulative, no conscience
96
Describe borderline
instability of self-image, relationships, emotions, manipulative and suicidal
97
Describe schizoid
indifferent to social relationships, restricted range of emotions
98
Describe histrionic
dramatic, attention seeking, promiscuous, impressionable
99
Describe avoidant
social discomfort, fear of being negatively evaluated
100
Describe schizotypal
odd thoughts, appearance, behaviour, discomfort in social situations
101
Describe narcissistic
fantasies, lack of empathy, need admiration from others, proud self-display
102
Describe dependent
submissive and dependent behaviour, fear of separation
103
Describe paranoid
unwarranted tendency to interpret behaviour as threatening
104
Describe obsessive-compulsive
perfectionism, orderliness, inflexibility
105
Descriptions of antisocial personality disorder
selfishness, interpersonal manipulation, impulsive, instability, charismatic, manipulative
106
2 types of causes of antisocial personality disorder
biological and psychological/environmental
107
What are the biological causes of antisocial personality disorder?
amygdala or prefrontal cortex dysfunction causes low heart rate under stress
108
What are the psychological causes of antisocial personality disorder?
lack of conscience (no superego), exposure aggressive parents
109
What is borderline personality disorder?
instability of behaviour, emotion, identity and relationships, anger, loneliness, emptiness, binge eating, drug abuse, self mutilation
110
Causes of borderline personality disorder?
chaotic history, splitting (failure integrate positive/negative aspects of other person's behaviour into coherent whole), biological (problem with neurotransmitter system that regulates emotion)
111
Name 2 childhood disorders
ADHD and autistic disorder
