Chapter 14

Question 1

Sometimes referred to as vertical markets. Products and se vices designed to target a specific industry (e.g., pharmaceutical, legal, apparel retail).

Answer 1

Vertical niches

Question 2

Describes the use of cloud computing to provide excess capacity during periods of spiking demand. This is a scalability solution that is usually provided as an overflow service, kicking in as needed

Answer 2

Cloudbursting

Question 3

Also known as “hardened”. Term used to describe technology products that contain particularly strong security features

Answer 3

Security-focused

Question 4

A massive network of computer servers running software to coordinate their collective use. They provide the infrastructure backbone to SaaS and hardware cloud efforts, as well as many large-scale Internet services

Answer 4

Server farm

Question 5

Where cloud providers offer services that include hardware, operating system, development tools, testing and hosting that its customers use to build their own applications on the provider’s infrastructure. In this scenario the cloud firm usually manages the platform (hosting, hardware, and supporting software), while the client had control over the creation and deployment of their application

Answer 5

Platform as a service (PaaS)

Question 6

Unpredicted, but highly impactful events. Scalable computing resources can help a firm deal with spiking impact from these events. The phrase entered the managerial lexicon from the 2007 book of the same name by amassing Taleb.

Answer 6

Black swans

Question 7

Software that is free and where anyone can look at it and potentially modify the code

Answer 7

Open source software (OSS)

Question 8

A form of cloud computing where a firm develops its own software, and then runs it over the Internet on a service provider’s computers

Answer 8

Utility computing

Question 9

A negotiated agreement between the customer and the vendor. It may specify the levels of availability, serviceability, performance, operation, or other commitment requirements.

Answer 9

Service level agreement (SLA)

Question 10

Ability to either handle increasing workloads or to be easily expanded to manage workload increases. In a software context, systems aren’t scalable often require significant rewrites or the purchase or development of entirely new systems

Answer 10

Scalability

Question 11

All the costs associated with the design, development, testing, implementation, documentation, training and maintenance of a software system

Answer 11

Total cost of ownership (TCO)

Question 12

LAMP

Answer 12

An acronym standing for Linux, the Apache Web server software, the MySQL database, and any of several programming languages that start with P (e.g., Perl, Python, or PHP)

Question 13

When a firm runs an instance of a PC’s software on another machine and simply delivers the image of what’s executing to the remote device. Using virtualization, a single server can run dozens of PCs, simplifying backup, upgrade, security, and administration.

Answer 13

Virtual desktop

Question 14

A type of software that allows a single computer (or cluster of connected computers) to function as if it were several different computers, each running its own operating system and software. This software underpins most cloud computing efforts, and can make computing more efficient, cost-effective, and scalable.

Answer 14

Virtualization

Question 15

Linux

Answer 15

An open source software operating system.

Question 16

When cloud providers offer services that include running the remote hardware, storage, and networking (I.e., the infrastructure), but client firms can choose software used (which may include operating systems, programming languages, databases, and other software packages). In this scenario the cloud firm usually manages the infrastructure (keeping the hardware and networking running), while the client had control over most other things (operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and perhaps even security and networking features like firewalls and security systems).

Answer 16

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

Question 17

The cost of producing one more unit of a product

Answer 17

Marginal cost

Question 18

A form of cloud computing where a firm subscribes to a third-party software and receives a service that is delivered online

Answer 18

Software as a service (SaaS)

Question 19

Written with two zeros, pronounced “newb”. Geek-slang (leet speak) derogatory term for an uninformed or unskilled person.

Answer 19

n00b

Question 20

Replacing computing resources - either an organization’s or individuals hardware or software - with services provided over the internet.

Answer 20

Cloud computing

Question 21

A type of virtualization that allows for shared operating systems for more resource savings and faster execution. However, they still isolate applications so they execute and moved to different computing hardware, just like conventional virtualization.

Answer 21

Containers

Question 22

Vertical niches

Answer 22

Sometimes referred to as vertical markets. Products and services designed to target a specific industry (e.g., pharmaceutical, legal, apparel retail).

Question 23

It powers everything from media consumption to appliances, drives modern farming, scientific discovery, and even driving.

Answer 23

The software industry

Question 24

The marginal cost to produce an additional copy of a software product

Answer 24

Effectively zero

Question 25

A software technology that can make a single computer behave like many separate machines

Answer 25

Virtualization

Question 26

FLOSS

Answer 26

Free/Libre/Open Source Software

Question 27

5 reasons firms choose open source products over commercial alternatives

Answer 27

``` Cost Reliability Security Scalability Agility and Time to Market ```

Question 28

Digital millennium copyright act

Answer 28

Important piece of legislation for creative industries like software, music, etc. Criminalizes production and dissemination of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent measures that control access to copyrighted works. Criminalizes the act of circumventing an access control, whether or not there is actual infringement of copyright itself

Question 29

Usually written by humans in a computer language such as Python, C, Ruby, Java, JavaScript, etc. Cannot be compiled by computers Compilers transform this into object code, which is executable Software makers usually only provide the object code to users

Answer 29

Source code

Question 30

Source code

Answer 30

Usually written by humans in a computer language such as Python, C, Ruby, Java, JavaScript, etc. Computers cannot execute source code Programs called compilers transform source code into object code, which is executable. Software makers usually provide only the object code to users

Question 31

Development paid for and controlled by a firm Source code is held by the firm Restricted distribution Might be distributed for free

Answer 31

Proprietary software

Question 32

Proprietary software

Answer 32

Development paid for and controlled by a firm Source code is held by the firm Restricted distribution Might be distributed for free

Question 33

``` Developed by a community Available source code Free (re)distribution No discrimination Technology neutral License must not restrict use of other software ```

Answer 33

Open source software

Question 34

OSS license allows users to modify SW for internal use. However, different licenses impose different levels of restrictions on distribution of the derivative work

Answer 34

Derived works (modifications)

Question 35

Modified (or unmodified) versions of the software/code can only be distributed under the same terms as the original software

Answer 35

Copyleft license

Question 36

Derived works (modifications)

Answer 36

OSS license allows users to modify SW for internal use. However, different licenses impose different levels of restrictions on distribution of the derivative work

Question 37

Copyleft licenses

Answer 37

Modified (or unmodified) versions of the software/code can only be distributed under the same terms as the original software

Question 38

GPL (GNU General Public License)

Answer 38

Users must keep all modifications free and available if they intend to redistribute derived work based on open source code

Question 39

Users must keep all modifications free and available if they intend to redistribute derived work based on open source code

Answer 39

GNU General Public License

Question 40

Less restrictive on redistribution; allow (original or) modified versions of the software/code to be distributed under different terms than the original software/code (including proprietary, non-free)

Answer 40

Permissive free software licenses

Question 41

2 examples of permissive free software licenses

Answer 41

Apache license | BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution License)

Question 42

Advantages of using OSS

Answer 42

``` Lower license cost Creativity Reliability Security and Reliability Limited Lock-In ```

Question 43

Disadvantages of using OSS

Answer 43

``` Unpredictable cost Support varies widely Security downside Compatibility and market fragmentation Legal risks ```

Question 44

Hardware design (how the product is built) and the software to operate it are freely available

Answer 44

Open source hardware

Question 45

Open source hardware

Answer 45

Hardware design (how the product is built) and the software to operate it are freely available

Question 46

Used as a metaphor for (a set of resource infrastructures accessible over) the Internet

Answer 46

Cloud

Question 47

A model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction

Answer 47

Cloud computing

Question 48

Cloud computing

Answer 48

A model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction

Question 49

Is cloud computing a model of renting or buying resources

Answer 49

Renting

Question 50

Providers computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers - multi-tenancy model - location independence

Answer 50

Resource pooling

Question 51

Resource pooling

Answer 51

Providers computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers - multi-tenancy model - location independence

Question 52

Multiple users sharing one resource or infrastructure | Different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand

Answer 52

Multi-tenancy model

Question 53

Multi-tenancy model

Answer 53

Multiple users sharing one resource or infrastructure | Different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand

Question 54

Allow resources on one computer to be broken into multiple "virtual" minicomputers (many boxes in a box) inside which applications can be run separately

Answer 54

Virtualization

Question 55

Virtualization

Answer 55

Allow resources on one computer to be broken into multiple "virtual" minicomputers (many boxes in a box) inside which applications can be run separately

Question 56

Customers generally have little or no control or knowledge over the exact location of the hardware supporting the provided resources (like gmail)

Answer 56

Location independence

Question 57

Location independence

Answer 57

Customers generally have little or no control or knowledge over the exact location of the hardware supporting the provided resources (like gmail)

Question 58

4 characteristics of cloud computing

Answer 58

On-demand self service Rapid elasticity Measured service Broad network access

Question 59

Resource usage can be monitored, measured (according to various metrics), controlled/optimized (sometimes automatically), and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service

Answer 59

Measured service

Question 60

Wherever there is a network, you could have access

Answer 60

Broad network access

Question 61

A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities (server time, network storage, applications, etc.) as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider

Answer 61

On-demand self-service

Question 62

Resources can be rapidly and spastically provisioned, (sometimes automatically) to quickly scale out (expand) when needed Rapidly released to quickly scale in To the consumer, the resources available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in almost any quantity at any time

Answer 62

Rapid elasticity (scalability)

Question 63

On-demand self-service

Answer 63

A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities (server time, network storage, applications, etc.) as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider

Question 64

Rapid elasticity (scalability)

Answer 64

Resources can be rapidly and spastically provisioned, (sometimes automatically) to quickly scale out (expand) when needed Rapidly released to quickly scale in To the consumer, the resources available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in almost any quantity at any time

Question 65

Measured service

Answer 65

Resource usage can be monitored, measured (according to various metrics), controlled/optimized (sometimes automatically), and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service

Question 66

Broad network access

Answer 66

Wherever there is a network, you could have access

Question 67

The three service models of cloud computing

Answer 67

Software as a service Platform as a service Infrastructure as a service

Question 68

Software applications (e.g., email) accessed by a user via a thin client interface (e.g., web browser, mobile app)

Answer 68

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Question 69

Provides a platform (an environment with pre-installed software) allowing customers to develop, run and manage Web applications without the complexity of building and maintaining their own infrastructure typically associated with developing and launching an app

Answer 69

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Question 70

Raw processing power - ability to rent server instances - users get a lot of control over the environment

Answer 70

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Question 71

Provide support tools to manage deployment and operation in the cloud. They do not own the infrastructure

Answer 71

Brokers/Value-added Service Providers

Question 72

The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure (not necessarily maintained by the provide of the application)

Answer 72

SaaS - for the users

Question 73

The applications are accessible from various client devices through a "thin" client interface (such as a web browser)

Answer 73

SaaS - for the users

Question 74

The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings

Answer 74

SaaS - for the users

Question 75

The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the providers (owned or contracted) cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications built using programming languages and tools supported by the provider

Answer 75

PaaS - for the developers

Question 76

The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage Has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations

Answer 76

PaaS - for the developers

Question 77

The capability provided to the consumer is to rent processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources from the provider where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software (which can include operating systems and applications)

Answer 77

IaaS -for IS management

Question 78

The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls)

Answer 78

IaaS -for IS management

Question 79

Provide support and tools for deploying/running apps in the cloud Do not own the cc infrastructure/platform but intermediate the access of the customer to the infrastructure/platform The consumer does not manage the underlying cloud infrastructure but may gain (through the broker) control over which provider is used, how usage is balanced between resources, security, etc.

Answer 79

Brokers

Question 80

The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services Ex. Amazon EC2, Rackspace, etc.

Answer 80

Public clouds

Question 81

The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization of a third party and may exist on premise or off premise

Answer 81

Private clouds

Question 82

5 benefits of cloud computing

Answer 82

``` Subscription/pay-per-use models Increased efficiency Rapid access (to resources)/rapid deployment Scalability Greener computing ```

Question 83

4 concerns regarding the adoption of cloud computing

Answer 83

Security Availability Lock-In Legal