Chapter 14

Question 1

Introduced, exotic, or non-native species

Answer 1

introduced to a region of the world where they have not historically existed.

Question 2

Invasive species

Answer 2

introduced species that spread rapidly and negatively affect other species.

Question 3

Parasitoids

Answer 3

a unique type of predator that can also limit the abundance of prey.

Question 4

Mesopredators

Answer 4

relatively small carnivores that consume herbivores (e.g., coyotes, weasels, feral cats).

Question 5

Top predators

Answer 5

predators that typically consume both herbivores and predators (e.g., mountain lions, wolves, sharks).

Question 6

Lotka-Volterra model

Answer 6

a model of predator-prey interactions that incorporates oscillations in predator and prey populations and shows predator numbers lagging behind those of their prey.

Question 7

Growth of prey populations

Answer 7

depends on the growth rate of a prey population (rN) and the rate of individuals killed by predators (cNP)

dN/dt=rN-cNP

Question 8

growth of predator populations

Answer 8

depends on growth rate of predator populations (acNP) minus the rate of predator death (mP)

dP/dt=acNP-mP

Question 9

N=

Answer 9

number of prey

Question 10

P=

Answer 10

number or predators

Question 11

c=

Answer 11

probability of an encounter between a predator

and prey leading to the prey’s capture

Question 12

a=

Answer 12

the efficiency of a predator converting consumed prey into predator offspring

Question 13

m=

Answer 13

per capita mortality rate of predators

Question 14

Equilibrium (zero growth) isocline

Answer 14

the population size of one species that causes the population of another species to be stable.

Question 15

Joint population trajectory

Answer 15

the simultaneous trajectory of predator and prey populations.

Question 16

Joint equilibrium point

Answer 16

the point at which the equilibrium isoclines for predator and prey populations cross.

Question 17

Functional response

Answer 17

the relationship between the density of prey and an individual predator’s rate of food consumption.

Whenever prey density increases and a predator can consume a higher proportion of those prey, the predator can regulate the growth of the prey population.

Question 18

Type I functional response

Answer 18

when a predator’s rate of prey consumption increases in a linear fashion with an increase in prey density until satiation occurs.

Question 19

Type II functional response

Answer 19

when a predator’s rate of prey consumption begins to slow as prey density increases and then plateaus; often happens because predators must spend more time handling more prey.

Question 20

As prey density increases…

Answer 20

predators consume a constant proportion of prey until satiation.

Question 21

Any increase in prey density is associated with…

Answer 21

a slowing rate of prey consumption.

Question 22

Type III functional response

Answer 22

when a predator exhibits low, rapid, and slowing prey consumption under low, moderate, and high prey densities, respectively.

Question 23

Low consumption at low prey densities may occur for three reasons:

Answer 23

1. Prey can easily find refuges to hide.
2. Predators may have less practice at locating and catching prey but
   develop a search image at higher prey densities.
3. Predators may exhibit prey switching by changing their diet preferences to the more abundant prey.

Question 24

Search image

Answer 24

a learned mental image that helps a predator locate

and capture food.

Question 25

Numerical response

Answer 25

a change in the number of predators through population growth or population movement due to immigration or emigration. Populations of predators usually grow slowly relative to populations of their prey, but the movement of mobile predators can occur rapidly when prey density increases.

Question 26

active hunting

Answer 26

spend most of their time moving around looking for prey (e.g., birds foraging on lawns for worms).

Question 27

ambush (sit-and-wait) hunting

Answer 27

lie in wait for a prey to pass by (e.g., chameleons waiting for insect prey).

Question 28

Spatial avoidance occurs when

Answer 28

a prey moves away from a predator.

Question 29

Alarm calling

Answer 29

warns relatives that predators are approaching

Question 30

Crypsis

Answer 30

camouflage that either allows an individual to match its environment or breaks up the outline of an individual to blend in better with the background (e.g., katydids, horned lizards).

Question 31

Warning coloration (aposematism)

Answer 31

a strategy where distastefulness evolves in association with very conspicuous colors and patterns. Predators have innate aversions to aposematic colors; others learn to avoid certain colors and markings through experience.

Question 32

Batesian mimicry

Answer 32

when palatable species evolve warning coloration that resembles unpalatable species (e.g., hover flies and hornet clearwings resemble the common wasp).

Question 33

Müllerian mimicry

Answer 33

when several unpalatable species evolve a similar pattern of warning coloration (e.g., several species of poison dart frogs have evolved similar warning coloration).

Question 34

Coevolution

Answer 34

when two or more species affect each other’s evolution; selection for prey defenses should favor the selection for counter-adaptation in predators.

Question 35

Structural defenses

Answer 35

(e.g., sharp spines, hair) deter herbivores from consuming leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits.

Question 36

Chemical defenses

Answer 36

include sticky resins and latex compounds that are hard to consume, and alkaloids (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, morphine) that have a wide range of toxic effects.