Chapter 14 Flashcards
(39 cards)
How is filtration accomplished at the glomerulus?
- The glomerulus is fed and drained by the (Efferent/Afferent) arterioles.
- The high blood pressure in the glomerulus is high which forces solutes and fluids (wastes) out of the blood.
- The solutes and fluids (wastes) go into and pass through the renal tubule. Where they eventually become urine.
Name the three steps of urine formation…
- Glomerular Filtration
- Tubular Reabsoprtion
- Tubular Secretion
Explain the three steps of urine formation…
- GF: forcing of water and solutes out of the glomerulus into the tubule
- TR: reabsoprtion of water, ions, glucose, and amino acids from the filtrate (pre-urine) into the body
- TS: last step to fine-tune filtrate. Removal of any other substances (drugs, balance of pH).
How does ADH affect the kidneys?
- Tells kidneys how much water to conserve
- Regulates and balances amount of water in our blood
- Helps keep us from getting dehydrated
- Stimulates the thirst mechanism
What effect does ADH have on blood pressure and blood volume?
When ADH tells the kidneys to keep more water, blood pressure/volume rises because the higher water concentration increases the volume and pressure of your blood.
What is the digestive/GI tract?
The tubular passage which extends from the mouth to the anus.
What is the function of the digestive/ GI tract?
aids in digestions and absorption of food and elimination of residual waste
What organs are a part of the digestive tract? (PASS-EM)
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small/large intestine
- Anus
What are the general functions of the GI tract?
Ingestion, mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, digestion, absorption, and defecation
What is the difference between mechanical and chemical processing of food?
Mechanical processing is where we shred/crush food physically with our teeth, mouth, and stomach. makes food smaller. Segmentation is a form of mechanical processing.
Chemical processing is where acid and enzymes breakdown down food for absorption, such as in the oral cavity via enzymes and in the stomach.
Digestion of carbohydrates and lipids begin in the_________ via _______.
oral cavity via enzymes
What is an accessory digestion organ?
An organ that helps with digestion but is not a part of the digestive tract.
What are the accessory digestive organs?
salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
What happens in the oral cavity in terms of digestions?
The saliva (which contains enzymes) begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates and lipids
What is the epiglottis and how does it help us during swallowing?
A cartilage flap in the throat that keeps food from entering the windpipe and lungs. Keeps us from inhaling food via the trachea and choking us.
Role of the stomach in digestion
The stomach mixes/churns swallowed food, breaks down nutrients in food, and forms chyme.
What closes off the top and bottom of the stomach while food is inside?
Top: cardioesophageal sphincter
Bottom: pyloric sphincter
What are the three regions of the proximal (small intestine) - in order?
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
What is the role of the duodenum?
- Receives chyme from stomach
2. Receives digestive secretions (enzymes, etc) from pancreas and liver.
What is the role of the Jejunum?
This is where nutrient absorption occurs.
What is the role of the ileum?
Unknown. final segment of small intestine. Joins the large intestine. may have an immune function.
90% of nutrient absorption occurs in the______.
Small intestine
What increases absorption in the small intestine?
internal circular folds and finger-like projections called villi. these both increase surface area - which improves absorption.
What is the difference between segmentation and peristalsis?
Segmentation: moves food back/forth, and mixed food with enzymes/digestive juices. This is a type of mechanical digestion. (food stays in place)
Peristalsis: Intestinal muscle wraps around food, moves/propels food forward via involuntary wave-like movements. This is how food moves along the esophagus. (food moves forward)
