Chapter 14 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
Cells need —material for constructing proteins, fats, sugars and nucleic acids, as well as energy sources, as well as vitamins and minerals and water.
A
raw
2
Q
Unabsorbed materials are eliminated when we ——-.
A
defecate
3
Q
Mention the pathway of the digestive system. 8 steps
A
mouth–> pharynx–> esophagus–>(S)Stomach(S)–>Small intestine–>rectum–>anus(S)(S)
4
Q
What separates the acidic stomach from the other regions, and control defecation?
A
Sphincters
5
Q
What are the 4 accessory organs?
A
Salivary glands (mouth)
liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
6
Q
Enamel Coating is made up of?
A
calcium and phosphate
7
Q
Living —— (bone like tissue)
supplied by blood vessels
in —- and has nerves too.
A
dentin
pulp
8
Q
incisors: tear, crush and grind, or cut?
A
cut
9
Q
canines: tear, crush and grind, or cut?
A
tear
10
Q
molars: tear, crush and grind, or cut?
A
crush and grind
11
Q
A vestigial structure is?
A
wisdom teeth
12
Q
What lives in the mouth on leftover food?
A
Bacteria
13
Q
A sticky film of bacteria, proteins, food particles, and mucus that may harden into tartar.
A
Plaque
14
Q
What happens when bacteria take up residence and produce acids?
A
tooth decay
15
Q
What do we call the infection/inflammation of the Gums due to bacterial toxins?
A
Gingivitis
16
Q
Periodontal disease: chronic inflammation –>
loss of —– and ——- holding teeth in place: tooth loss.
A
bones
tissue
17
Q
Which organ begins the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates?
A
mouth
18
Q
Tongue is made of which type of muscle?
A
skeletal
19
Q
What is the function of the tongue?
A
positions food for teeth
20
Q
What is the source of saliva? where is it positioned?
A
salivary (exocrine) glands below tongue and beside jaw
21
Q
What is saliva composed of?
A
water mucin salivary amylase bicarbonate lysozyme
22
Q
Lubrication for swallowing and holding foods together?
A
mucin
23
Q
begins breaking down carbohydrates?
A
salivary amylase
24
Q
counteracts acid produced by bacteria, keeps ph in range that salivary amylase works?
A
bicarbonate
25
Kills bacteria?
lysozyme
26
Name a reflex.
Swallowing
27
What is swallowing?
delivering food to esophagus
28
Tongue pushes food into pharynx: voluntary or involuntary phase?
voluntary
29
Receptors in pharynx stimulated by presence of food: voluntary or involuntary phase?
involuntary
30
1) Vocal chords tighten across ------
2) Soft ------ rises (closes off nasal passageway)
3) Larynx rises slightly (helps close off trachea)
4) ---------- closes opening to trachea (fully closes trachea)
5) Back of tongue pushes food further into --------
larynx
palate
epiglottis
esophagus
31
Common passageway for air and food and participates in swallowing?
pharynx
32
What connects the pharynx to stomach?
esophagus
33
Which organ assists passage of food downward?
esophagus
34
Which organ is responsible for food motility (gravity and peristalsis)?
esophagus
35
What separates esophagus and stomach?
lower esophagus sphincter
36
Stomach is very acidic, and acid reflux is painful, may cause esophageal ------ and -----.
ulcers
| cancer
37
What movement from behind pushes food forward, muscles relax ahead of food ball (bolus)?
muscle contractions
38
Which organ stores food until digestion can proceed?
stomach
39
In digestion, (strong acids and protein digesting enzyme: pepsinogen --> ------)
pepsin
40
Which organ regulates the delivery of food to the small intestine in manageable amounts?
stomach
41
Which organ kills most bacteria in food?
stomach
42
What are a few things absorbed in stomach? mention two.
alcohol
| aspirin
43
What enzyme begins protein digestion into individual amino acids?
pepsin
44
What us the juice secreted by different cells in gastric pits?
gastric juice
45
Hydrochloric acid produces a ph of about ? what does it denature?
2
| proteins
46
What is caused when stomach inner lining is not protected?
ulcers
47
What protects stomach lining from acid? Are stomach contents in contact with mucus or cells?
mucus
| mucus
48
What can cause ulcers?
H.pylori bacterial infection
cigarettes
alcohol
regular aspirin
49
Chyme is a result of ?
mixing
50
Highly acidic chyme needs more ?
neutralization
51
High fat needs more?
digestion time
52
What blends food and squirts food into small intestine?
stomach contractions
53
How many muscle layers for mixing?
3
54
Duodenum is?
small intestine
55
Digestion in the duodenum is in the first -- cm of small intestine.
25
56
Which organ adds bile that is secreted by liver ?
small intestine
57
Where is bile stored?
gall bladder
58
Which organ adds digestive enzymes?
small intestine
59
Which organ neutralizes acid from stomach?
small intestine
60
Enzymatic breakdown of food is when food is broken into?
```
monosaccharides
amino acids
nucleotides
fatty acids
monoglycerides
```
61
After enzymatic breakdown of food into monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids and monoglycerides (basic components) --% of food absorbed in - m of the remaining ------------.
95%
6
small intestine
62
What expands the total surface area of small intestine?
Mucosa
63
Each fold in the small intestine has ------, and each ----- has cells with small projections (-------).
villi
villi
microvilli
64
------- movements mixes contents, food is pressed against mucosa where nutrients are absorbed.
random
65
What does villi contain?
blood
| lymph capillaries
66
----------- and ---------- are actively transported into epithelial cells, diffuse to ---------.
amino acids
monosaccharides
capillaries
67
---------- and ---------- diffuse into cells.
fatty acids
| monoglycerides
68
Fatty acids and monoglycerides reform into ?
triglycerides
69
Fats then join with proteins in mucosa cells for transport, they are released by ----------- and enter lymph capillaries (large spaces between cells). Lymph later joins with the blood -------- (lymph vessels join with veins near the heart).
exocytosis
| circulation
70
Water is absorbed by ----- in ------- and -------.
osmosis
small intestine
large intestine
71
Vitamin and minerals are either actively transported or ?
protein channels (diffusion)
72
After absorption, transportation is to ------.
liver
73
Blood from digestive tract to liver before going to general circulation is?
Hepatic portal system
74
The liver stores glucose as 3 things , what are they ?
glycogen
fat soluble vitamins
some lipids
75
What does the liver manufacture?
```
fibronogen
albumin
other proteins
some lipids
bile
```
76
What does the liver detoxify?
ammonia to urea
| poisons
77
Which organ destroys old red blood cells?
liver
78
Which organ absorbs remaining nutrients and remaining water, wastes stored then eliminated from the rectum to anus?
Large intestine
79
What does the structure of the large intestine include?
cecum, appendix, colon
80
Colon can be ?
ascending, descending, transverse, and sigmoid
81
Rectum and anus have ---- and ----- muscle spincters.
smooth
| skeletal
82
A lot of research is showing that the types of bacteria in our large intestine influences our health, including:
```
obesity
diabetes
irritable bowel syndrome
colon cancer
Crohn's disease
```
83
What is the major energy source where we need glucose circulating in our blood?
carbohydrates
84
Carbohydrates can be converted to what for energy storage?
fats/ glycogen
85
Should you eat complex carbohydrates or simple sugars and why?
complex carbohydrates
because simple sugars lead to surge in blood sugar and insulin
if you eat sugar, it will be converted to fat then low blood sugar makes you hungry
86
"Brown” carbohydrates do not have parts of the grain removed, and have move ----- and ------- associated with them.
vitamins
| minerals
87
Fats can be?
saturated or unsaturated
88
Healthy unsaturated fats include :
corn oil
olive oil
canola oil
sunflower oil
89
Saturated fats include:
```
coconut oil
red meat
milk fats
butter
lard
palm oil
```
90
Where can trans fats be found?
manufactured foods like cookies, crackers, donuts, cakes, deep-friend foods, and margarine
91
Saturated fats and trans fats can raise? and can lead to?
```
blood LDL (bad cholesterol)
leading to heart attacks, strokes, aneurysms, gallstones
```
92
What can reduce your risk of heart disease?
Omega-3 fatty acids
93
How many amino acids ? Our body manufactures how many? How many must we get from our diet?
20 amino acids
body manufactures 12
8 essential we must get from diets
94
Animal proteins have all essential amino acids . Examples:
eggs
milk
milk products
soy products (tofu)
95
What plants will not have all essential amino acids?
rice
beans
vegetables
96
What are some examples of vitamin A foods?
yellow, orange, and green leafy veggies
fish
egg yolk
liver
97
Deficient of vitamin A causes:
night blindness
| dry and scaly skin
98
Where can you get vitamin D from?
UV light
fortified milk
oily fish
egg yolk
99
Deficiency of vitamin D causes:
bone deformities in kids (rickets)
bone weakening
osteoporosis for adults
100
Vitamin K comes from:
bacteria in large intestine
| green leafy veggies
101
Which vitamin is need for forming clotting proteins?
vitamin k
102
deficiency in vitamin k causes:
severe bleeding
| hemophilia
103
Vitamin C sources:
citrus fruits
berries
certain veggies (broccoli, brussel sprouts, peppers, cabbage)
104
Which vitamin is need for making collagen and is also an antioxidant?
vitamin c
105
Deficiency in vitamin c causes:
poor wound healing
| teeth fall out(scurvy)
106
Calcium comes from:
milk products
| dark green veggies
107
Deficiency of calcium causes:
osteoporosis
| stunted growth
108
Good sources of iron?
```
meat
liver
whole grains
green leafy veggies
nuts
eggs
HEMOGLOBIN
```
109
Iron deficiency causes ?
anemia
110
You can get iodine from?
seafood
| iodized salt
111
Deficiency of iodine causes?
enlarged thyroid (goiter)
112
You can get zinc from?
whole grains
nuts
meats
seafood
113
Zinc deficiency causes?
impaired growth
| scaly skin
114
Examples of antioxidants:
```
Vitamin c
vitamin e
vitamin a/ beta carotene
various berries
pinto beans
red beans
walnuts
```
115
Who donates electrons to free radicals, so that free radicals do no take electrons from other molecules like DNA that may damage them?
antioxidants
116
Damaged DNA can lead to ?
mutations
| can lead to cancer
117
Excess calories in any form are converted to?
glycogen or fats
118
What can high blood pressure cause?
heart attack
stroke
aneurysm
119
Obesity can cause?
high blood pressure
type 2 diabetes
several types of cancer
sleep apnea
osteoarthritis
gout (utric acid deposited as crystals in big toe)
gallstones (too much cholesterol in bile)
120
A gram of fat has more than ----- the calories of a gram of protein or carbohydrate.
twice
121
Fat calories per gram?
9
122
Protein and carbohydrates per gram?
4
123
What should you also avoid other than fats?
simple sugars
124
Does dieting alone work without exercise for a person that wants long-term weight loss?
NO
125
What % does Basal Metabolic rate have?
70%
126
Do epinephrine and norepinephrine lower or raise BMR?
RAISE
127
Fasting/dieting lowers or raises BMR?
LOWERS
128
Healthy diets includes high amounts of ?
whole grains and vegetables
129
Which is better: eating more small meals or fewer bigger meals?
eating more small meals
130
What does fish lower?
lowers blood cholesterol
