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BIO 103 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sensory neurons in the skin called?

A

Somatic Sensations

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2
Q

Which pain receptors are stimulated when you immediately hurt yourself?

A

Fast pain receptors

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3
Q

Which pain receptors send pain signals days or weeks after you are hurt?

A

Slow pain receptors

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4
Q

What are stretch receptors associated with?

A

joints, muscles, and tendons

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5
Q

What are the 5 special senses?

A

Hearing, balance, taste, smell, vision

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6
Q

Our sense of hearing helps us distinguish between sounds of different…?

A

amplitude and tone

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7
Q

What is amplitude and tone?

A

amplitude is loudness and tone is frequency

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8
Q

Which part of the ear do sound waves travel down the auditory canal, and hit the ear drum causing it to vibrate?

A

outer ear

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9
Q

In the middle ear, vibrations of the tympanic membrane cause vibrations in 3 small bones called?

A

malleus(hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes(stirrup)

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10
Q

What does the stapes vibrate against?

A

the oval window

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11
Q

Where is all the vibrational energy that hits the tympanic membrane focused on?

A

the oval window

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12
Q

What does the eustachian tubes connect?

A

middle ear and pharynx

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13
Q

What opens the eustachian tubes?

A

yawning or chewing

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14
Q

What can cause deafness?

A

middle ear infections

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15
Q

In the inner ear, the hair cell mechanoreceptors within the cochlea convert sound vibrations into what?

A

nervous impulses

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16
Q

What are the three fluid filled canals within cochlea?

A

Vestibular canal
Cochlear duct
tympanic canal

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17
Q

Where is the organ of corti?

A

within the cochlear duct

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18
Q

What does the organ of corti consist of?

A

tectorial membrane
hair cells
basilar membrane
auditory nerves

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19
Q

The pressure waves created in oval window in fluid of what canal to canal?

A

vestibular canal and travel around to tympanic canal.

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20
Q

in 2nd step of inner ear, the waves are formed across which membrane?

A

basilar membrane

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21
Q

What does the vibration in the basilar membrane cause?

A

sound vibration frequency

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22
Q

What cells are part of the basilar membrane?

A

hair cells

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23
Q

The tips of the hair brush against which membrane?

A

tectorial membrane

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24
Q

Does the tectorial membrane vibrate?

A

NO

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25
Q

What do the hair cells stimulate when neurotransmitters are released?

A

sensory neurons

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26
Q

What happens in the last step in the inner ear?

A

brain interprets neural impulses as sound

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27
Q

The parts of the basilar membrane have same or different natural resonances?

A

different

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28
Q

Basilar membrane near oval window has low or high frequency?

A

High

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29
Q

Low frequency noise is when basilar membrane is near the oval window or far from oval window?

A

far

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30
Q

basilar membrane far from oval window is more?

A

flexible and wider

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31
Q

basilar membrane near oval window is?

A

stiff and narrow

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32
Q

The brain interprets neural signals arriving from different parts of the basilar membrane as what?

A

different tones (notes)

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33
Q

More vigorous vibrations of basilar membrane means?

A

louder noises ,more energy, more hair cells release neurotransmitter more frequently, and more stimulation of neurons

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34
Q

Less vigorous vibrations of basilar membrane means?

A

softer noises, less energy, less hair cells release neurotransmitters less frequently, and less stimulation of neurons

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35
Q

What is caused with sound vibrations do not get to the inner ear?

A

conduction deafness

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36
Q

What causes eardrum/oval window to be ruptured and bones in ear to not move properly?

A

conduction deafness

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37
Q

What do hearing aids do?

A

cause vibrations in skull making vibrations in cochlea then hearing

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38
Q

What id damaged in nerve deafness?

A

cochlear nerves and brain

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39
Q

What happens when hairs in cochlea are lost?

A

partial deafness

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40
Q

Can minor damage be repaired?

A

YES

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41
Q

Hair cells die= minor or major damage?

A

major

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42
Q

When you hear sounds that do not really exist and the hairs have been damaged and some are bent, what is this called?

A

ringing ears after loud environment

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43
Q

When do the muscles pull bones away from eardrum/ oval window?

A

ear bone reflex

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44
Q

What does the vestibular canal consist of?

A

3 semicircular canals and vestibule

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45
Q

Semicircular canals are for sensing what?

A

sensing rotational movement

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46
Q

Vestibule is for sensing what?

A

sensing head position, gravity, and acceleration/deceleration

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47
Q

What type of movement is detected in semicircular canals in 3 planes?

A

3-D movement detected

48
Q

Cupula with hair cells present at base (ampulla) of each canal. True or False?

A

True

49
Q

Vestibule is oriented horizantally or vertically or both?

A

both

50
Q

In vestibule senses, hairs are embedded in what material and what position?

A

gelatinous material on bottom

51
Q

In vestibule senses, otoliths are embedded in what material and what position?

A

gelatinous material on top

52
Q

When does gelatinous move first and otoliths have inertia and respond slower?

A

acceleration

53
Q

Deceleration has inertia or momentum?

A

momentum

54
Q

Does visual input play a role in maintaining balance?

A

YES

55
Q

Signals for maintaining balance come from which stretch receptors?

A

joint, muscle, and tendon stretch receptors

56
Q

Specialized structures in inner ear: ?

A

vestibule

57
Q

When messages are conflicting, what can we get?

A

motion sickness

58
Q

How many taste cells and how many supporting cells?

A

25 and 25

59
Q

Taste buds on large —– of tongue.

A

Papillae

60
Q

——- on taste cells have receptor proteins to bind to certain chemicals that later stimulate sensory neurons.

A

Hairs

61
Q

What are taste buds?

A

chemoreceptors that bind with dissolved substances

62
Q

What are the 5 taste categories?

A

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami (broth)

63
Q

Salt responds to what ions?

A

sodium

64
Q

Sour responds to what ions?

A

hydrogen

65
Q

Which taste category responds to amino acids?

A

umami

66
Q

Which taste category responds to various chemicals?

A

bitter

67
Q

Which taste category are we most sensitive to and at which part of the tongue?

A

Bitter and at the back of the tongue

68
Q

Smell is ——- receptor cell.

A

olfactory

69
Q

Each olfactory receptor cell produces a protein that can bind with —— molecules.

A

odorant

70
Q

How many different types of olfactory receptor cells do humans have?

A

over 300

71
Q

More molecules binding= more neurons firing more frequently=?

A

stronger smell

72
Q

Can a single odorant molecule lead to a neuron being stimulated?

A

YES

73
Q

What we commonly refer to as how food tastes depends on two senses. What are they? and why?

A

taste and smell

Because chewed food releases chemicals that contact olfactory receptors via pharynx.

74
Q

Eyes focus light onto specialized ——— cells of the retina?

A

photoreceptor

75
Q

What are the photoreceptor cells of the retina?

A

rod and cone cells

76
Q

Photoreceptors convert what type of energy to nerve impulses that are interpreted by the brain?

A

light energy

77
Q

What is sclera?

A

whites of eyes

78
Q

Where does most bending of light before light hits the retina occur at?

A

cornea

79
Q

What is the irregularities in cornea or lens called?

A

Astigmatism

80
Q

What fixes nearsightnedness and astigmatism by burning away part of cornea?

A

LASIK laser surgery

81
Q

Iris is a colored —— that controls the amount of light entering the eye.

A

muscle

82
Q

What is the opening that allows light in called?

A

pupil

83
Q

When is the pupil larger?

A

in dark

84
Q

When is the pupil smaller?

A

in bright sun

85
Q

What is made of layers of transparent proteins?

A

lens

86
Q

What adjusts shape for close or far away objects?

A

lens

87
Q

When does lens get thicker and ciliary muscles contract?

A

close objects

88
Q

When does lens get thinner and ciliary muscles relax?

A

far away objects

89
Q

Farsighted have eyes longer or shorter than normal?

A

shorter

90
Q

Prolonged close up work can cause nearsightedness or farsightedness?

A

nearsightedness

91
Q

Nearsightedness or farsightedness is caused by improper eye shape?

A

farsightedness

92
Q

At what age does the lens start to lose its flexibility (focusing becomes harder)?

A

about 40 years old

93
Q

At what age does the lens lose all its flexibility?

A

at age 70 years old

94
Q

When proteins of the lens progressively lose their transparency

A

cataracts

95
Q

What can cause cataracts?

A

aging

96
Q

Does the retina contain photoreceptor cells?

A

yes

97
Q

What colors are cones most sensitive to?

A

yellow
green
blue/violet

98
Q

What has high amounts of cones but no rods?

A

fovea in retina

99
Q

What happens in blind spot?

A

optic nerve goes to brain

100
Q

Many rod cells/ ganglion cell gives what vision?

A

blurrier vision

101
Q

Fewer cones cells/ ganglion cells give what vision?

A

clearer vision

102
Q

As little as how many cone cells/ganglion cells give the clearest vision?

A

5

103
Q

Which cells are more sensitive to light? and by how many times?

A

rod cells by 300 times

104
Q

Which cells only are sensitive to faint light?

A

rods

105
Q

When does the brain interpret ratios of the 3 cone types?

A

mixed colors

106
Q

Which disorder affecting the retina is due to blow to head/eye and is an emergency?

A

Retinal Detachment

107
Q

Which disorder affecting the retina is associated with certain cone cells present in low amounts or are missing completely?

A

color blindness

108
Q

Which eye disorder causes blurred vision, stars, and lack of peripheral vision results?

A

retinal detachment

109
Q

Which eye disorder is associated with fluid in aqueous humor that no longer drains properly and causes pressure on capillaries supplying retina?

A

Glaucoma

110
Q

Which eye disorder is a sex linked genetic disorder?

A

color blindess

111
Q

Which eye disorder can cause retinal and nerve cell death?

A

Glaucoma

112
Q

Binocular vision helps us determine how close or far away sth is?

A

far

113
Q

When does each eye receive slightly different images?

A

Binocular vision

114
Q

At the side of the head, sound waves hit one ear then the next or both at the same time/

A

one ear then the next

115
Q

Above and behind the head, the sound waves hit one ear then the next or both at the same time?

A

both at the same time

BIO 103 (4 decks)

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