Chapter 14 and 15

Question 1

It is the amount of nutrients required by anis.

Answer 1

Feeding standards

Question 2

Other terms used as feeding standards

Answer 2

Nutrient requirement and nutrient allowance

Question 3

It is generally agreed to be the average amount required for a particular function

Answer 3

Nutrient requirement

Question 4

It is greater than this by a safety margin designed primarily in the requirement between individual animals

Answer 4

Nutrient allowance

Question 5

It can be expressed as either quantities of nutrients or in dietary proportions

Answer 5

Feeding standards

Question 6

It is a method of expression that is mainly used for animals given exact quantities of food

Answer 6

Quantities of nutrients

Question 7

It is a method of expression for animals fed to appetite

Answer 7

Dietary proportions

Question 8

It is the amount of feed energy available for the animals

Answer 8

Net Energy (NE)

Question 9

It is a measure of useful energy in the feed

Answer 9

Metabolizable energy (ME)

Question 10

It is the energy that is available to the animals by digestion

Answer 10

Digestible Energy (DE)

Question 11

It is the estimate of total protein content of feed

Answer 11

Crude Protein (CP)

Question 12

It is a measure of how digestible the crude protein is

Answer 12

Digestible Crude Protein (DCP)

Question 13

In ruminants, this represents the sum of protein and amino acids reaching the small intestine from ruminally undegraded protein and microbial protein supply

Answer 13

Metabolizable Protein (MP)

Question 14

Feeding standards may be provided separately for each animal or as overall figures for combined process

Answer 14

TRUE

Question 15

if the translation of requirements into allowances that are used in feeding practice often involves the addition of what?

Answer 15

Safety margins

Question 16

It is generally regarded as the greater evil, and so safety margin is often added to the requirement when calculating the allowance to be fed

Answer 16

Underfeeding

Question 17

Five freedoms of animal welfare:

Answer 17

freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury and disease, freedom from fear and distress, freedom to express normal behaviour

Question 18

Should feeding standards be considered as GUIDES to feeding practice and not as INFLEXIBLE rules

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

Main users for feeding standards

Answer 19

commercial companies, nutritional advisers and nutritional consultants

Question 20

This main user supply concentrate feeds as complete diets for pigs and poultry and as complementary feeds to forages consumed by ruminants.

Answer 20

Commercial companies

Question 21

This main user formulate diets and advise farmers

Answer 21

Nutritional advisers and nutritional consultants

Question 22

This is where standards are often difficult to apply because the foods needed to supplement local resources are not available

Answer 22

Developing countries

Question 23

This is where may be a tendency to oversupply nutrients that are freely available and cheap

Answer 23

Developed countries

Question 24

What is state of maintenance in animal nutrition?

Answer 24

animal is in a state of maintenance when its body composition remains constant, when it does not give rise to any product such as milk, and when it does not perform any work on its environment

Question 25

As the energy so utilised leaves the body as heat, the animal is then in a state of what?

Answer 25

negative energy balance

Question 26

It's purpose is to prevent this drain on body reserves

Answer 26

Maintenance diet

Question 27

It can can be defined as the quantity required to ensure that the animal experiences neither a gain nor a loss of that nutrient.

Answer 27

Maintenance requirement

Question 28

It is the heat that leaves the body of the animal after expending energy for its maintenance and it provides direct estimate of the NE required from its food

Answer 28

Basal metabolism

Question 29

Consequently, in farm animal studies this term is used in preference to ‘basal metabolism’

Answer 29

‘fasting metabolism’

Question 30

A term often used in conjunction with fasting metabolism is what?; this includes the relatively small quantities of energy lost by fasting animals in their urine

Answer 30

‘fasting catabolism’

Question 31

It has the greatest influence on energy requirement

Answer 31

climate

Question 32

What are the two main routes of heat loss?

Answer 32

Sensible loss by radiation, conduction and convection from their body surface, and evaporative losses of water from the body surface and lungs

Question 33

What term does this mean; that mammals and birds attempt to kept their body temperature constant

Answer 33

homeotherms

Question 34

Why is heat production increased when an animal is kept in a cold environment?

Answer 34

Therefore, they increase their body temperature to keep their body temperature constant

Question 35

As the fall in air temperature continues, a stage is reached where the pig can maintain its deep body temperature only by increasing its heat production, which it might do by increasing muscular activity, what is this activity?

Answer 35

shivering

Question 36

The environmental temperature below which heat production is increased is known as the

Answer 36

lower critical temperature

Question 37

It is an organism with a variable body temperature that tends to fluctuate with and is similar to or slightly higher than the temperature of its environment : other term: cold-blooded animals; example: frog and reptiles

Answer 37

Poikilothermic

Question 38

This is triggered to maintain homeostasis; it is an involuntary response

Answer 38

Shivering reflex

Question 39

What is the special type of tissue in neonates it helps for generating heat soon after birth, which is deposited at strategic points such as the shoulder and abdomen.

Answer 39

Brown adipose tissue

Question 40

Part of the brain which regulates body temperature

Answer 40

hypothalamus

Question 41

Do cattles sweat?

Answer 41

Yes (?)

Question 42

The pattern by which animals grow from conception to maturity can be represented by a

Answer 42

sigmoid (s shaped) curve

Question 43

These are the factors that can cause the sigmoid curve to grow

Answer 43

Animals environment and nutrition

Question 44

In general, animals kept under this condition will follow the growth curve

Answer 44

Intensive husbandry

Question 45

whereas those kept under this conditions will follow more interrupted curves

Answer 45

Natural Extensive husbandry

Question 46

this we mean that the various parts of the animal, defined as anatomical components (e.g. legs), organs (e.g. liver) and tissues (e.g. muscle) grow at different rates, so that as the animal grows its proportions change

Answer 46

Development

Question 47

Reproduction increases the animal’s requirements for nutrients, but, conversely, the nutrient supply of animals can influence their reproductive processes.

Answer 47

TRUE

Question 48

When does the influence of nutrition begins

Answer 48

Early in animal's life

Question 49

Some influence of nutrition in reproduction

Answer 49

in-utero, age to reach puberty, reduce ova and spermatozoa production, and pregnancy