chapter 14 benthic organisims

Question 1

Benthic organisms:

Answer 1

Live on or in ocean

bottom

Question 2

Seaweeds:

Answer 2

Multicellular algae
Autotrophs (primary producers)
Photosynthetic
not plants

Question 3

Accessory pigments:

Answer 3

in photosynthesis plants
aid in absorption of light
transfer of chlorophyl to energy.

Question 4

Chlorophyta:

Answer 4

*type of sea weed
*Green algae
* live near surface (to 10 m)
• Belong plant kingdom

Question 5

Phaeophyta:

Answer 5

•Type of sea weed
*Algae with brown or tan accessory pigments
• Deeper water

Question 6

Rhodophyta:

Answer 6

•Type of sea weed 
*Algae with red accessory pigment
• Most seaweeds
• Excel in deeper waters (to 100 m)
• Includes encrusting coralline algae

Question 7

Sargassum

Answer 7

brown Phaeophyta sea weed in sargasso sea

Question 8

kelps

Answer 8

brown Phaeophyta sea weed
large
polar habitate
includes sargassum

Question 9

kelps problems soulutios

Answer 9

Problem: destruction by sea urchins
Solution: sea otters eat sea urchins

Question 10

mangroves:

Answer 10

• Flowering plants that thrive in sediment-rich lagoons

Question 11

benefits of Mangroves

Answer 11

• Hold sediment
• Stabilize coasts
• Safe haven for organisms

Question 12

Estuary:

Answer 12

Partially surrounded by land where fresh & salt water mix

Extreme fluctuations in temp & salinity

Question 13

Estuary importance ecological function

Answer 13

Incredible biological productivity

Question 14

Intertidal zone:

Answer 14

Between highest high tide & lowest low tide

Remember crabbing “swells as a kid?

Question 15

Difficulties for organisms in intertidal zone

Answer 15

• Alternatively drenched & dried
• Wave shock
• Rapid changes in temperature
• Access land & sea predators
• Wide changes in salinity
• Sediment movement

Question 16

Organisms are successful in intertidal zone

Answer 16

• Lots of food

* Large # of habitats & niches

Question 17

rocky intertidal vertical zones Spray zone:

Answer 17

• Above highest high tide
• Sprayed by waves
• Emerged most of time
• Submerged only during spring high tide storms
• Small but hardy species

Question 18

rocky intertidal vertical zones High tide zone:

Answer 18

• Between highest high tide & lowest high tide
• Exposed most of month
• Submerged only during spring high tide & storms

Question 19

rocky intertidal vertical zones Middle tide zone:

Answer 19

• Between lowest high tide & highest low tide

* Equal exposure and submergence

Question 20

rocky intertidal vertical zones Low tide zone:

Answer 20

• Between highest low tide & lowest low tide
• Mostly submerged
• Exposed only during spring low tide
• Larger but more delicate species

Question 21

Reef:

Answer 21

Wave-resistant structure
Composed of living or once-living organisms
built by red and green algae worms and oysters
Tropics: coral reefs

Question 22

Corals:

Answer 22

Kingdom: Animal Phylum: Cnidaria Polyp form CaCO3 exoskeleton
Solitary or colonial
Reefs: colonial

Question 23

in corral reef communities Dinoflagellates provide:

Answer 23

• O2 (photosynthesis)
• Nutrients
• Alkaline pH
recycle corals by products

Question 24

in corral reef communities Corals provide:

Answer 24

• CO2 (respiration)
• Stable habitat
recycle dinoflagellates by products

Question 25

Ideal conditions for coral reefs:

Answer 25

Clear water Brightly lit water (near surface) Normal to slightly elevated salinity Warm water (21°C or greater—within 25° latitudes)

Question 26

Fringing reefs:

Answer 26

``` • connects to shore near water surface • form in areas of low rain fall living materal near sea edge • First to form on new volcanic islands in tropics • Ex.: Hawaii ```

Question 27

Barrier reefs:

Answer 27

* Separated from land by lagoon * Around islands or parallel to continents * May form as fringing reef island sinks * Ex: Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Question 28

Atolls:

Answer 28

* Ring-shaped reef with lagoon in center but no island * Lagoon: submerged volcano * Forms as barrier reef island sinks * Ex: equatorial Pacific

Question 29

Atoll development (draw):`

Answer 29

1. Seamount 2. Ocean island with fringing reef 3. Island sinks as oceanic plate moves, forms barrier reef 4. Continued sinking, atoll forms 5. Finally, guyot forms

Question 30

Red fish:

Answer 30

* Poisonous fish | * Protection against predators

Question 31

Disruptive coloration:

Answer 31

* Confusing patterns and colors | * Defense against predators

Question 32

Counter shading:

Answer 32

• Dark on top, light on the bottom • Camouflage—fish blends in with background from above and from below protection from predators

Question 33

Hydrothermal vent:

Answer 33

Spring of hot, mineral- and gas-rich seawater Found on some oceanic ridges diverse community.

Question 34

Hydrothermal Communities:

Answer 34

chemosynthetic bacteria bottom of food pyramid | Bacteria support numerous species of crabs, clams, sea anemones, shrimp, worms

Question 35

deep ocean floor

Answer 35

cold, deep, hyper-saline, high pressure | rich biodiversity

Question 36

Deep ocean floor creatures

Answer 36

oneirophanta (sea cucumber found abyssal plains of N atl | apseudes galatheae crustacean (new zeland)