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Ocen 101 > chapter 14 benthic organisims > Flashcards

chapter 14 benthic organisims Flashcards

1
Q

Benthic organisms:

A

Live on or in ocean

bottom

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2
Q

Seaweeds:

A

Multicellular algae
Autotrophs (primary producers)
Photosynthetic
not plants

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3
Q

Accessory pigments:

A

in photosynthesis plants
aid in absorption of light
transfer of chlorophyl to energy.

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4
Q

Chlorophyta:

A

*type of sea weed
*Green algae
* live near surface (to 10 m)
• Belong plant kingdom

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5
Q

Phaeophyta:

A

•Type of sea weed
*Algae with brown or tan accessory pigments
• Deeper water

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6
Q

Rhodophyta:

A 
•Type of sea weed 
*Algae with red accessory pigment
• Most seaweeds
• Excel in deeper waters (to 100 m)
• Includes encrusting coralline algae
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7
Q

Sargassum

A

brown Phaeophyta sea weed in sargasso sea

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8
Q

kelps

A

brown Phaeophyta sea weed
large
polar habitate
includes sargassum

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9
Q

kelps problems soulutios

A

Problem: destruction by sea urchins
Solution: sea otters eat sea urchins

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10
Q

mangroves:

A

• Flowering plants that thrive in sediment-rich lagoons

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11
Q

benefits of Mangroves

A
  • Hold sediment
  • Stabilize coasts
  • Safe haven for organisms
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12
Q

Estuary:

A

Partially surrounded by land where fresh & salt water mix

Extreme fluctuations in temp & salinity

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13
Q

Estuary importance ecological function

A

Incredible biological productivity

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14
Q

Intertidal zone:

A

Between highest high tide & lowest low tide

Remember crabbing “swells as a kid?

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15
Q

Difficulties for organisms in intertidal zone

A
  • Alternatively drenched & dried
  • Wave shock
  • Rapid changes in temperature
  • Access land & sea predators
  • Wide changes in salinity
  • Sediment movement
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16
Q

Organisms are successful in intertidal zone

A
  • Lots of food

* Large # of habitats & niches

17
Q

rocky intertidal vertical zones Spray zone:

A
  • Above highest high tide
  • Sprayed by waves
  • Emerged most of time
  • Submerged only during spring high tide storms
  • Small but hardy species
18
Q

rocky intertidal vertical zones High tide zone:

A
  • Between highest high tide & lowest high tide
  • Exposed most of month
  • Submerged only during spring high tide & storms
19
Q

rocky intertidal vertical zones Middle tide zone:

A
  • Between lowest high tide & highest low tide

* Equal exposure and submergence

20
Q

rocky intertidal vertical zones Low tide zone:

A
  • Between highest low tide & lowest low tide
  • Mostly submerged
  • Exposed only during spring low tide
  • Larger but more delicate species
21
Q

Reef:

A

Wave-resistant structure
Composed of living or once-living organisms
built by red and green algae worms and oysters
Tropics: coral reefs

22
Q

Corals:

A

Kingdom: Animal Phylum: Cnidaria Polyp form CaCO3 exoskeleton
Solitary or colonial
Reefs: colonial

23
Q

in corral reef communities Dinoflagellates provide:

A

• O2 (photosynthesis)
• Nutrients
• Alkaline pH
recycle corals by products

24
Q

in corral reef communities Corals provide:

A

• CO2 (respiration)
• Stable habitat
recycle dinoflagellates by products

25
Q

Ideal conditions for coral reefs:

A

Clear water
Brightly lit water (near surface)
Normal to slightly elevated salinity
Warm water (21°C or greater—within 25° latitudes)

26
Q

Fringing reefs:

A 
• connects to shore near water surface
• form in areas of low rain fall
living materal near sea edge
• First to form on new volcanic islands in tropics
• Ex.: Hawaii
27
Q

Barrier reefs:

A
  • Separated from land by lagoon
  • Around islands or parallel to continents
  • May form as fringing reef island sinks
  • Ex: Great Barrier Reef, Australia
28
Q

Atolls:

A
  • Ring-shaped reef with lagoon in center but no island
  • Lagoon: submerged volcano
  • Forms as barrier reef island sinks
  • Ex: equatorial Pacific
29
Q

Atoll development (draw):`

A
  1. Seamount
  2. Ocean island with fringing reef
  3. Island sinks as oceanic plate moves, forms barrier reef
  4. Continued sinking, atoll forms 5. Finally, guyot forms
30
Q

Red fish:

A
  • Poisonous fish

* Protection against predators

31
Q

Disruptive coloration:

A
  • Confusing patterns and colors

* Defense against predators

32
Q

Counter shading:

A

• Dark on top, light on the bottom
• Camouflage—fish blends in with background from above and from below
protection from predators

33
Q

Hydrothermal vent:

A

Spring of hot, mineral- and gas-rich seawater
Found on some oceanic ridges
diverse community.

34
Q

Hydrothermal Communities:

A

chemosynthetic bacteria bottom of food pyramid

Bacteria support numerous species of crabs, clams, sea anemones, shrimp, worms

35
Q

deep ocean floor

A

cold, deep, hyper-saline, high pressure

rich biodiversity

36
Q

Deep ocean floor creatures

A

oneirophanta (sea cucumber found abyssal plains of N atl

apseudes galatheae crustacean (new zeland)

Ocen 101 (3 decks)

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