Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Chapter 14- Exam 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 14- Exam 3 Flashcards

(75 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

a disease-causing microorganism

A

pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Colonization of the body by pathogens

A

infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

A

disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The development of disease

A

pathogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A description of the disease (or the study of disease)

A

pathology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The cause of a disease (or the study of the cause of a disease)

A

etiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

you can have _______ without disease and disease without __________

A

infection; infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

permanently colonize the host starting at birth, and later through food and contact with others.

A

normal microbiota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how many more bacteria are found in the body compared to human cells?

A

There is at least ten times as many bacteria as human cells in the body (approximately 10^14 versus 10^13).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

a person’s microbiota weighs _____ g

A

200

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how many species of bacteria live in the human gut and on the skin?

A

500-1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do microbes vary?

A

Microbes vary with respect to nutrient requirements, optimal growth conditions (pH, O2, temperature, salt, light)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how many microorganisms are pathogenic?

A

few

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

are microorganisms on and in the skin dangerous?

A

Most microorganisms on and in the body are harmless if not beneficial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
A

Colonies of Propionibacterium acnes, found on skin and the conjunctiva.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
A

an oral biofilm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why is it difficult to or impossible to culture normal microbiota organisms?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

allow identification bacterial species without cultivation

A

New DNA sequencing technologies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The collection of microbial genomes of an individual

A

microbiome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is it beneficial to know the microbiome of a person?

A

Determining the microbiome of people has the promise of correlating differences in microbiome composition with specific syndromes or diseases, like autoimmune diseases, diabetes, and obesity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why might different types of bacteria colonize different parts of the body?

A

nutrient availability (secretions, excretions, dead cells) physical and chemical factors (temperature, pH) defenses of the host mechanical factors (chewing, flushing, mucus, cilia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

dominate the newborn gut

A

Firmicutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

This group includes Lactobacillus

A

firmicutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

adapted to feeding on human milk

A

lactobacillus (firmicutes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
adapted to feed on plant matter
bacteriorides
26
may be present for days, weeks, or months, then disappear
transient microbiota
27
come from the environment, don’t get permanently established, and typically don’t cause disease
transient microbiota
28
Not a problem as long as they don't displace the normal microbiota
transient microbiota
29
why does normal microbiota differ among us?
normal microbiota (normal human flora) differ from person to person because: conditions provided by the host at a particular body site vary from one person to another based on numerous factors like age, environment, stress, diet, etc.
30
what are some locations in the human body of normal microbiota?
skin eyes (conjunctiva) nose, throat, upper respiratory tract mouth large intestine urinary tract reproductive system
31
bacteria found on the skin
Propionibacterium Staphylococcus Corynebacterium Micrococcus Acinetobacter Brevibacterium
32
fungi found on the skin
Pityrosporum Candida Malassezia
33
why do skin microbes not become resident?
Most of the microbes in direct contact with skin do not become residents because secretions from sweat and oil glands have antimicrobial properties.
34
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a resistant barrier, and the _____ pH of the skin inhibits many microbes.
keratin; low
35
has a relatively low moisture content
skin
36
bacteria found in conjunctiva
S. aureaus S. epidermidis diphtheroids Propionibacterium Corynebacterium streptococci Micrococcus
37
a continuation of the skin or mucous membrane, contains basically the same microbiota found on the skin
the conjunctiva/ eye
38
eliminate some microbes or inhibit others from colonizing in the eye
Tears and blinking
39
bacteria in the nose
S. aureus S. epidermidis aerobic diphtheroids
40
bacteria in the throat
S. pneumoniae Haemophilus Neisseria
41
Although some normal microbiota are potential pathogens, their ability to cause disease is reduced by _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
microbial antagonism
42
nasal secretions ____ or _______ many microbes, and mucus and ciliary action ________ many microbes
kill; inhibit; remove
43
bacteria of the mouth
Staph, Strep Lactobacillus Actinomyces Bacteroides Veilonella Neisseria Haemophilus Fusobacterium Treponema
44
fungi of the mouth
Candida
45
What conditions make the mouth an ideal enviroment?
Abundant moisture, warmth, and the constant presence of food make the mouth an ideal environment that supports very large and diverse microbial populations on the tongue, cheeks, teeth and gums.
46
movements that dislodge microbes?
Biting, chewing, tongue movements and salivary flow
47
bodily secretion that contains antimicrobial substances
saliva
48
bacteria of the urethra
Staphlococcus Enterococcus Lactobacillus aerobic diphtheroids Pseudomonas Klebsiella
49
microorganisms of the vagina
lactobacilli Streptococcus Candida (fungus) Trichomonas (protozoan)
50
what prevents microbes from attaching to the urethra
Mucus and shedding of the lining prevent microbes from attaching.
51
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ mechanically removes microbes from the urethra and vagina
flow
52
\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ______ expel microbes from cervix.
cilia and mucus
53
components of urine that are antimicrobial
pH and urea
54
The ________ of the vagina inhibits or kills microbes.
acidity
55
The large intestine contains the largest numbers of resident microbiota in the body because of ________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
moisture and nutrients
56
How are microbes prevented from attaching to the lining of the GI tract?
Mucus and regular shedding of the lining prevent many microbes from attaching to the lining of the gastrointestinal tract.
57
What do mucosa produce?
antimicrobial substances
58
competition between microbes
Microbial antagonism or competitive exclusion
59
Candida albicans does what to cause UTIs?
Candida albicans grows in the female urogenital system when the normal microbiotoa is altered resulting in a rise in the normal pH of 4
60
How do normal microbiota protect the host against pathogenic bacteria?
competing for nutrients producing substances harmful to invaders (E. coli produces bacteriocins) changing conditions such as pH and O2
61
How are Germ-free animal microbiomes different than normal animal microbiomes? How is their diet and nutrition related to this?
Germ-free animals raised in the laboratory live, but have underdeveloped immune systems and are more susceptible to pathogenic infection and serious disease. • Germ-free animals also require more calories and vitamins than do normal animals. • When germ-free animals are repopulated with microbiota from obese animals, they become obese. • When people switch from a low-calorie diet to a highcalorie diet, their microbiome changes.
62
are live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect.
probiotics
63
are chemicals that selectively promote the growth of beneficial bacteria
prebiotics
64
Why are antibiotics not good to use too much? Provide two examples
Antibiotic therapy can eliminate normal microbiota, creating opportunities for pathogenic bacteria to gain a foothold. This is one good reason not to use antibiotics too much. For example Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) can cause problematic gastrointestinal infections (diarrhea, fatal colitis) following antibiotic therapy. Certain lactic acid bacteria (some from yogurt) can help prevent colonization by Salmonella after antibiotic therapy
65
causes diarrhea linked to 14,000 deaths per year in the US
C. difficile
66
Define fecal transplant and who it could be beneficial for
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) also known as a stool transplant or fecal transplant is the process of transplantation of fecal bacteria from a healthy donor into a recipient patient. It can be an effective treatment for patients suffering from Clostridium difficile infection.
67
Explain this graph
The diversity of gut Bacteroides in a patient who took a weeklong course of clindamycin. For nine months, the subject’s gut contained only one type of clindamycin-resistant Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.
68
one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected.
commensalism
69
both organisms benefit. Bacteria such as E. coli synthesize vitamin K and some B vitamins that are absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed for use by body cells.
mutualism
70
one organism benefits at the expense of the other, such as pathogens.
parasitism
71
Can normal microbiota be opportunistic pathogens?
Yes
72
Under certain circumstances the relationship between host and microbe can change and a __________ organism, such as E. coli, can become harmful if it gains access to other body sites, such as the urinary tract.
mutualistic
73
can gain an advantage if the immune system is compromised, as happens in transplant recipients, cancer patients, and AIDS patients.
Opportunistic pathogens
74
What pathogen used to be rare before the AIDS epidemic?
Pneumocystis pneumonia
75

Microbiology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions