Chapter 10- Classification of Microorganisms (EXAM 2)

Question 1

The science of classifying and naming organisms according to how similar they are to other organisms

Answer 1

taxonomy

Question 2

similarities in organisms are due to relatedness which

reflects __________ relationships

Answer 2

evolutionary

Question 3

What is the benefit of providing names for organisms?

Answer 3

Providing universal names for organisms facilitates

research, scholarship, and communication.

Question 4

What was the All Species Inventory (2001-2005)?

Answer 4

• Goal is to identify all species of life on Earth
• 1.7 million species identified (10-100 million species
  are estimated) (excludes domestic animals and
  single-celled organisms?) (80% remain unknown?)
• Run by the nonprofit organization All species
  Foundation, which started with a large grant (1
  billion dollars) but has been unable to attract
  appreciable additional funding.

Question 5

What is the criticism of the all species inventory?

Answer 5

Reality is that species often have indistinct boundaries. Thus, it is often not possible to
objectively decide when there is a single species or
multiple species.

Question 6

Named/ founded kingdoms plantae and animalia in 1735

Answer 6

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 7

introduced the term prokaryote to distinguish cells having no nucleus in 1937

Answer 7

Eduard Chatton (1937)

Question 8

confirmed and made the prokaryotic-eukaryotic

distinction more widely known via “Microbial World” textbook in 1961

Answer 8

Roger Stanier

Question 9

Who is the scientist that proposed kingdom prokaryotae in 1968

Answer 9

Robert GE Murray

Question 10

In 1969, proposed the five kingdom system (Monera : all organisms in the kingdom were prokaryote)

Answer 10

Robert H Whittaker

Question 11

In 1978, two type of prokaryotic cells were found

Answer 11

Carl Woese

Question 12

Woese et al. (1990) founded the three domains _______, _______, _______.

Answer 12

Bacteria, Archae, Eukarya

Question 13

What are the 4 Kingdoms of Woese’s Eukarya?

Answer 13

Animalia
Planta
Fungi
Protista

Question 14

Is there a consensus on eukaryotic kingdoms?

Answer 14

no

Question 15

Carl Woese elevated the three cell types to a level above _________.

Answer 15

kingdom

Question 16

What was the three-domain system based on?

Answer 16

on similarities in rRNA

Question 17

Genera near the origin or root of the evolutionary tree

appear to have transferred genes ___________

Answer 17

horizontally

Question 18

The analysis of completed genomes show that each

_______ shares genes with other ________

Answer 18

domain; domains

Question 19

the bacterium __________ acquired ¼ of its genes from an archaeon

Answer 19

Thermatoga

Question 20

What cell type are BAE?

Answer 20

prokaryote, prokaryote, and eukaryote

Question 21

What cell wall components make up BAE?

Answer 21

Archae: varies in composition; contains no peptidoglycan
Bacteria: contains peptidoglycan
Eukaryotes: vary in composition; contain carbohydrates

Question 22

What membrane lipids make up BAE?

Answer 22

Archae: composed of branched carbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkage
Bacteria: composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage
Eukaryotic: composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages

Question 23

What is the first amino acid in protein synthesis for BAE?

Answer 23

Bacteria: formylmethionine
Archae: methionine
Eukaryotic: methionine

Question 24

Which of the three domains is sensitive to antibiotics?

Answer 24

bacteria

Question 25

Which of the three domains has an rRNA loop?

Answer 25

bacteria

Question 26

Which of the three domains has a common arm of tRNA?

Answer 26

bacteria and eukaryotes

Question 27

What were the two models proposed for the origins of eukaryotes?

Answer 27

``` I. The nuclear envelope and ER of eukaryotes may have formed by invagination of the plasma membrane II. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells living inside a host prokaryote ```

Question 28

Similarities between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts support the __________ theory

Answer 28

endosymbiotic theory

Question 29

What is the difference in DNA between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and mitochondria/ chloroplasts?

Answer 29

Prokaryotic: one circular; two circular; some linear Eukaryotic: linear mitochondria: circular

Question 30

What is the difference in histones between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and mitochondria/ chloroplasts?

Answer 30

prokaryotes: in archae, not bacteria eukaryotes: all mitochondria: no

Question 31

What is the difference in ribosomes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and mitochondria/ chloroplasts?

Answer 31

prokaryotes: 70s eukaryotes: 80s mitochondria: 70s

Question 32

What is the difference in growth between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and mitochondria/ chloroplasts?

Answer 32

prokaryotes: binary fission eukaryotes: mitosis mitochondria: binary fission

Question 33

a bacterium (based on rRNA sequence) that has a nuclear envelope surrounding its nucleoid. It’s membranes resemble those of archae.

Answer 33

Gemmata obscuriglobus

Question 34

a modern example of how eukaryotic cells may have evolved and a protist that harbors a photosynthetic endosymbiont that resembles a modern-day cyanobacteria. Both host and endosymbiont require each other to survive.

Answer 34

Cyanophora paradoxa

Question 35

Do cyanophora paradoxa cells contain mitochondria?

Answer 35

yes

Question 36

Phylogeny/ systemics

Answer 36

The study of the evolutionary history of a organisms

Question 37

uses the tools of taxonomy to clarify the evolution of organisms, as well as their interrelationships

Answer 37

phylogeny

Question 38

In phylogenetic hierarchy, grouping organisms according to common properties implies they evolved from a _______ ancestor; each species retaining some of the ancestor’s characteristics (represented in ____________)

Answer 38

common; cladograms

Question 39

In higher organisms, the information used to determine | phylogenetic relationships comes from what?

Answer 39

1. anatomy 2. rRNA 3. Fossils

Question 40

Is there a way to measure whether a particular phylogenetic hypothesis is accurate?

Answer 40

no

Question 41

Microorganisms are not readily __________

Answer 41

fossilized

Question 42

What are the exceptions to the rule that microorganisms are not readily fossilized?

Answer 42

A. Fossilized colonies of a marine protist from the White cliffs of Dover, England B. Fossilized bacterial communities (cyanobacteria and algae) that formed rocklike formations called stromatolites (0.5 – 2 billion years ago) (formed by the layering of these organisms in shallow water) C. Cyanobacteria-like fossils in western Australia, preserved between quartz sand grains in rocks, metabolized sulfur and sulfate, oldest known fossils (3.5 billion years ago)

Question 43

Since ________ evidence is not available for most prokaryotes, their phylogeny must be based on other evidence

Answer 43

fossil

Question 44

Genome similarities are used to group organisms into _______ and provide a timeline for ______ emergence

Answer 44

taxa

Question 45

has revolutionized | phylogenetics. Proposes that mutations occur at a constant rate over evolutionary time.

Answer 45

molecular clock hypothesis

Question 46

what year was the molecular clock hypothesis proposed?

Answer 46

1968

Question 47

How can one determine the time since two organisms diverged from a common ancestor?

Answer 47

simply by adding up the | number of DNA sequence differences between them

Question 48

In highly conserved genes (_______) few mutations accumulate over time

Answer 48

rRNAs

Question 49

In the molecular clock hypothesis, other regions of the __________ change with no apparent effect on the organism

Answer 49

chromosome

Question 50

Though the general concept of molecular clocks is widely accepted, controversy still exists over the particulars, especially accurate calibration of its “________ _______”

Answer 50

ticking rate

Question 51

In 1995 Raul Cano was examining insects in amber (fossilized tree resin) estimated to be ____ to ____ million years old. He was able to successfully recovered and germinated bacterial spores of _________ ___________.

Answer 51

25 to 40; Bacillus Sphaericus

Question 52

What is fossil fuels brewing company?

Answer 52

Echo slide 18

Question 53

Common Names can vary with _________ and with __________.

Answer 53

geography; languages

Question 54

Can you have multiple names for the same organism?

Answer 54

Yes

Question 55

What are common names for saccharomyces cerevisiae?

Answer 55

baker's yeast

Question 56

Buttercup (east texas)

Answer 56

Oenothera speciosa

Question 57

Buttercup (elsewhere)

Answer 57

250 Ranunculus sp.

Question 58

Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 58

genus + specific epithet

Question 59

What are some characteristics of binomial nomenclature?

Answer 59

– Used worldwide – Names taken from Latin (genus name can be Greek) and may be descriptive or honor a scientist – Genus name is capitalized and a noun – Species name is lower case and usually an adjective – Both names are underlined or italicized – Homo sapiens (man/wise)

Question 60

Source of Genus name: | Honors edwin klebs

Answer 60

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Question 61

Source of Genus name: Honors Lois Pfister

Answer 61

Pfiesteria piscicida

Question 62

Source of Genus name: Honors Daniel Salmon

Answer 62

Salmonella typhimurium

Question 63

Source of Genus name: Chains of cells (strepto-)

Answer 63

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 64

Source of Genus name: tuftlike (penicilli-)

Answer 64

Penicillium chrysogenum

Question 65

Source of Genus name: Corkscrew-like (trypano-, borer; soma-, body

Answer 65

Trypanosoma cruzi

Question 66

Source of Specific Epithet: the disease

Answer 66

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Question 67

Source of | Specific Epithet: disease of the fish

Answer 67

Pfiesteria piscicida

Question 68

Source of | Specific Epithet: stupor (typh-) in mice (muri-)

Answer 68

Salmonella | typhimurium

Question 69

Source of | Specific Epithet: forms pus (pyo-)

Answer 69

Streptococcus | pyogenes

Question 70

Source of | Specific Epithet: produces a yellow (chyros-)

Answer 70

Penicillium chrysogenum

Question 71

Source of Specific Epithet: honors Oswaldo Cruz

Answer 71

Trypanosoma cruzi

Question 72

Where do you find the rules for naming protozoa and parasitic worms?

Answer 72

International Code for Zoological Nomenclature

Question 73

Where do you find the rules for naming fungi and algae?

Answer 73

International Code for Botanical Nomenclature

Question 74

Where do you find the rules for naming prokaryotes?

Answer 74

Bacteriological code

Question 75

What is the process for naming a newly discovered prokaryote?

Answer 75

1) Establish a name based upon Bacteriological Code 1) Publish description and evidence for classification in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology 3) Once published, name is incorporated into the reference book Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edition.

Question 76

Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd Edition: how many volumes were in the first edition? Year?

Answer 76

The first edition (1984-89) | had four volumes

Question 77

How is Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd Edition organized?

Answer 77

organized by domain and phylum

Question 78

In 1974 the genera Diplococcus and ____________ were combined. The only diplococcal species was renamed __________ _________ due to its growth in chains in liquid media (was diplococcal in _________)

Answer 78

Streptococcus; Steptococcus pneumonia; sputum

Question 79

In 1984, DNA hybridization studies indicated that Streptococcus ________ and Streptococcus _______ were only distantly related to other streptococcal species. New genus called __________ was formed and species renamed E. _______ and E. _______.

Answer 79

Streptococcus faecalis; Streptococcus faecium; Enterococcus; E. faecalis and E. faecium

Question 80

In 2001, based on DNA hybridization and _______ studies some _________ species were placed in a new genus _________

Answer 80

rRNA; Chlamydia; chlamdophila

Question 81

To avoid confusion when an organism is renamed, the old name | is often written in __________ following the new name

Answer 81

paranthesis

Question 82

Book organization is strictly phenotypic, with no attempt to offer a natural higher classification. • it is utilitarian and is intended to aid in the identification of bacteria. • bacteria are divided into 35 easily recognized phenotypic groups most useful for diagnostic purposes.

Answer 82

Bergey's Manual of Determinative | Bacteriology, 9th Edition

Question 83

Bergey's group 5

Answer 83

Facultatively Anaerobic Gram negative rods Key differences are: growth factors, morph., gram rxn., oxidase rxn., read Genera descriptions Examples: Family Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae

Question 84

Bergey's group 17

Answer 84

Description: Gram-Positive Cocci Key differences are: oxygen requirements, morph., growth requirements (45C and supplements), read Genera descriptions Examples: Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Aerococcus

Question 85

Bergey's group 18

Answer 85

GROUP 18 Description: Endospore-Forming Gram positive rods and cocci Key differences are: oxygen requirements, motility, morph, catalase Examples: Bacillus, Clostridium

Question 86

Bergey's group 19

Answer 86

GROUP 19 Description: Regular, Nonsporlating Gram positive rods Key differences are: morph., oxygen require, catalase Examples: Lactobacillus, Listeria