Chapter 14 - General Knowledge

Question 1

What are three differences between RNA and DNA?

Answer 1

1. The sugar in RNA is ribose and not deoxyribose
2. RNA is single-stranded, not double-stranded
3. RNA contains uracil in place of thymine

Question 2

What are the three steps of Transcription?

Answer 2

Initiation- RNA polymerase binds to the promoter
Elongation - nucleotides are added to the base
Termination - mRNA detached from DNA

Question 3

What is transcription in eukaryotic cells that’s different from prokaryotes.

Answer 3

mRNA is made in the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm, while prokaryotes transcription takes place in cytoplasm so no traveling is needed.

Question 4

What are the two types of point mutation?

Answer 4

Frameshift
Substitution

Question 5

What are the four types of chromosomal mutation?

Answer 5

Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation

Question 6

How long is the average protein?

Answer 6

300 amino acids

Question 7

A series of which nucleotide is added to the end of the mRNA before it leaves the nucleus?

Answer 7

Adenine

Question 8

Where are anti-codons located

Answer 8

tRNA

Question 9

Does translation involve all RNAs

Answer 9

Yes

Question 10

How often is a mutation?

Answer 10

1 in 10 million bases

Question 11

How does RNA editing work?

Answer 11

Introns are taken out of newly synthesized pre-RNA molecules while they are still in the nucleus. Exons are then spliced back together to from the final mRNA

Question 12

How does DNA editing cause evolution?

Answer 12

They could be cut and spliced in different ways in different tissues.

Question 13

How many amino acids are joined together in a polypeptide chain?

Answer 13

20 amino acids
Or 60 nucleotides

Question 14

What is translation?

Answer 14

A ribosome attaches to an mRNA molecule. Codons pass through the ribosomes, which cause tRNA to bring the proper amino acids into the ribosome.

Ribosome then attatches amino acids to the growing chain and each tRNA molecule carries just one type of amino acid.

In addition, tRNA has three unpaired based that are together called an anticodon. This occurs until a stop codon enters the ribosome that separates the chain from its tRNA and allows it to leave the ribosome.

Question 15

What is transcription?

Answer 15

• RNA Polymerase binds to a promoter in DNA and seperates the DNA stands.
• Uses one of the strands as a template to assemble nucleotides into a complementary strand of RNA
• Other regions of DNA cause transcription to stop when an RNA molecule is completed
• mRNA then detatches from the DNA
• Then edited by removing introns and splicing exons

Question 16

Where does RNA polymerase bind to start transcription?

Answer 16

It binds in the TATA box in the promoter region

Question 17

What determines the shape, the chemical properties, and the function of a protein?

Answer 17

The order in which amino acids are joined together