Chapter 14 - Lymphatic System and Immunity Flashcards
1
Q
Any substance or microorganism that causes disease or damage to the tissues of the body
A
pathogen
2
Q
About 30 liters (L) of fluid pass from the blood capillaries into the interstitial spaces each day, whereas only _______ pass from the interstitial spaces back into the blood capillaries
A
27 L
3
Q
Once inside the lymphatic capillaries, this fluid is called _____ and it passes through the lymphatic vessels to return tothe blood.
A
lymph
4
Q
tiny, closed-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium
A
Lymphatic capillaries
5
Q
Lymphatic capillaries and vessels carries fluid in one direction, from tissues to the circulatory system. True or False
A
True
6
Q
Lymphatic vessels are present in most tissues of the body except the CNS, bone marrow, tissue lacking vessels, such as the epidermis and cartilage. True or False
A
False - lymphatic capillaries
7
Q
it resemble small veins and formed when lymphatic capillaries join together
A
Lymphatic vessels
8
Q
A lymphatic vessel has a ________ to prevent the backward movement of lymph
A
valve
9
Q
Contraction of the surrounding
skeletal muscle during activity, Periodic contraction of smooth muscle in the lymphatic vessel wall, and pressure changes in the thorax during breathing
A
Three (3) factors that causes compression of the lymphatic vessels
10
Q
lymphatic vessels from the right upper limb and the right half of the head, neck, and chest, and empties into the right subclavian vein
A
Right lymphatic duct
11
Q
Lymphatic vessels from the rest of the body enter the _________, which empties into the left subclavian vein.
A
thoracic duct
12
Q
the tonsils, the lymph nodes, the spleen, and the thymus
A
lymphatic organs
13
Q
characterized by housing many lymphocytes and other defense cells, such as macrophages
A
Lymphatic tissue
14
Q
The lymphocytes originate from yellow bone marrow and are carried by the blood to lymphatic organs. True or False
A
False - red bone marrow
15
Q
The increased number of lymphocytes is part of the immune response that causes the destruction of pathogens. True or False
A
True
16
Q
located on each side of the posterior opening of the oral cavity
CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil
A
palatine tonsils
17
Q
located near the internal opening of the nasal cavity
CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil
A
pharyngeal tonsil
18
Q
enlarged pharyngeal tonsils
CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil
A
adenoids
19
Q
tonsil that is found on the posterior surface of the tongue
CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil
A
lingual tonsil
20
Q
the ones usually referred to as “the tonsils.”
CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil
A
palatine tonsils
21
Q
removal of the pharyngeal tonsils
CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil
A
tonsillectomy
22
Q
removal of the palatine tonsil
CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil
A
adenoidectomy
23
Q
The palatine tonsil becomes infected less often than the other tonsils and is more difficult to remove. True or False
A
False - lingual tonsil
24
Q
rounded structures, varying from the size of a small seed to that of a shelled almond
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
A
Lymph nodes
25
Lymph nodes in the groin
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
inguinal nodes
26
Lymph nodes in the axilla (armpit)
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
axillary nodes
27
Lymph nodes in the neck
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
cervical nodes
28
distributed along the various lymphatic vessels
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
Lymph nodes
29
A dense connective tissue _______ surrounds each lymph node
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
capsule
30
Extensions of the capsule, called ________, subdivide a lymph node into compartments containing lymphatic tissue and lymphatic sinuses.
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
trabeculae
31
The lymphatic tissue consists of lymphocytes and other cells that can form dense aggregations of tissue called _________.
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
lymphatic nodules
32
spaces between the lymphatic tissue that contain macrophages on a network of fibers.
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
Lymphatic sinuses
33
areas of tissue within lymph nodes and other organs as well
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
lymphatic nodules
34
Lymph enters the lymph node through ________
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
afferent vessels
35
The lymphatic nodules containing the rapidly dividing lymphocytes are called _______
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
germinal centers
36
roughly the size of a clenched fist and is located in the left, superior corner of the abdominal cavity
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
spleen
37
________ is a lymphatic tissue surrounding the arteries within the spleen.
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
White pulp
38
_______ is associated with the veins.
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
Red pulp
39
It consists of a fibrous network, filled with macrophages and red blood cells, and enlarged capillaries that connect to the veins.
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
Red pulp
40
Lymphocytes in the white pulp can be stimulated in the same manner as in lymph nodes. True or False
True
41
Before blood leaves the spleen through veins, it passes through the white pulp. True or False
False - red pulp
42
functions as a blood reservoir
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
spleen
43
removal of the spleen
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
splenectomy
44
A bilobed gland roughly triangular in shape. It is located in the superior mediastinum, the partition dividing the thoracic cavity into left and right parts.
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
Thymus
45
Near the capsule and trabeculae, lymphocytes are numerous and form dark-staining areas called the _____
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
cortex
46
A lighter-staining, central portion of the lobules, called the _______, has a fewer lymphocytes
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
medulla
47
The thymus is the site for the maturation of a class of lymphocytes called _______
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
T Cells
48
Large numbers of T cells are produced in the thymus, but most degenerate. True or False
True
49
Lymphatic capillaries and vessels remove fluid from tissues and absorb lipids from the large intestine. True or False
False - small intestine
50
Lymph nodules filter lymph, and the spleen filters blood. True or False
False - Lymph nodules filter lymph
51
Cells that originate and mature in red bone marrow
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
B Cells
52
Produced in red bone marrow and migrate to the thymus, where they mature
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
Pre-T Cells
53
responsible for much of immunity
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
B cells and T cells
54
the ability to resist damage from pathogens
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
Immunity
55
also as called nonspecific resistance
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
innate immunity
56
also as called specific immunity
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
adaptive immunity
57
the body recognizes and destroys certain pathogens, but the response to them is the same each time the body is exposed
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
innate immunity
58
the body recognizes and destroys pathogens, but the response to them improves each time the pathogen is encountered.
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
adaptive immunity
59
the ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
Specificity
60
the ability of adaptive immunity to “remember” previous encounters with a particular substance.
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
Memory
61
each time the body is exposed to a substance, the response is the same because specificity and memory of previous encounters are not present.
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
innate immunity
62
the response during the second exposure to the samebacteria is faster and stronger than the response to the first exposure because the immune system exhibits memory for the bacteria from the first exposure.
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
adaptive immunity
63
When the bacteria are destroyed before any symptoms develop, and the person is said to be ________
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
immune
64
Accomplished by physical barriers, chemical mediators, WBCs, and the inflammatory response
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
innate immunity
65
Exhibits specificity and memory
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
adaptive immunity
66
Pathogens cannot cause a disease if they cannot get into the body. True or False
True
67
The skin and mucous membranes form barriers that prevent the entry of pathogens and chemicals
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Physical barriers
68
molecules responsible for many aspects of innate immunity
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Chemical mediators
69
a group of more than 20 proteins found in plasma
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Complement
70
proteins that protect the body
against viral infections
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Interferons
71
the most important cellular components of immunity
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
White blood cells
72
tears, saliva, and urine wash pathogens and chemicals from body surfaces.
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Physical barriers
73
lysozyme in tears and saliva kills certain bacteria, what type of innate immunity is this?
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Chemical mediators
74
they bind to the surface of neighboring cells, where they stimulate those cells to produce antiviral proteins.
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Interferons
75
response to injury involves many of the chemicals and cells
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Inflammatory response
76
circulate in the blood in an inactive form and can be activated by combining with foreign substances, such as parts of a bacterial cell, or by combining with antibodies
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Complement
77
it can be can be local or systemic
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Inflammatory response
78
produced in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue and released into the blood
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
White blood cells
79
some of it plays a role in activating immune cells, such as macrophages and natural killer cells
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Interferons
80
mucus on the mucous membranes prevents the entry of some pathogens, what type of innate immunity is this?
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Chemical mediators
81
The movement of white blood cells towards chemicals is called _____
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
chemotaxis
82
the ingestion and destruction of particles by cells called phagocytes
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Phagocytosis
83
usually the first white blood cells to enter infected tissues from the blood in large numbers
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Neutrophils
84
monocytes that leave the blood, enter tissues, and enlarge about fivefold
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Macrophages
85
accumulation of fluid, dead neutrophils, and other cells at a site of infection.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Pus
86
type of lymphocyte produced in red bone marrow, and they account for up to 15% of lymphocytes.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Natural killer (NK) cells
87
derived from red bone marrow, are motile white blood cells that can leave the blood and enter infected tissues.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Basophils
88
also derived from red bone marrow, are nonmotile cells in connective tissue, especially near capillaries
Mast cells
89
participate in inflammation associated with allergies and asthma.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Eosinophils
90
They release chemical signals that increase the inflammatory response by recruiting and activating other immune cells.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Neutrophils
91
macrophages in the lungs
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
dust cells
92
macrophages in the liver
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
kupffer cells
93
macrophages in the CNS
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
microglia
94
can ingest more and larger items than can neutrophils
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Macrophages
95
use a variety of methods to kill their target cells, including releasing chemicals that damage cell membranes and cause the cells to lyse.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Natural killer (NK) cells
96
Like macrophages, ______ are located at points where pathogens may enter the body, such as the skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
mast cells
97
recognize classes of cells, such as tumor cells or virus infected cells, in general, rather than specific tumor cells or cells infected by a specific virus.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Natural killer (NK) cells
98
an inflammatory response confined to a specific area of the body
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Local inflammation
99
an inflammatory response that is generally distributed throughout the body
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Systemic inflammation
100
Symptoms include redness, heat, and swelling due to increased blood flow and increased vascular permeability, as well as pain caused by swelling and by chemical mediators acting on pain receptors.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Local inflammation
101
chemicals released by microorganisms, neutrophils, and other cells, stimulate fever production
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Pyrogens
102
In severe cases of _________, vascular permeability can increase so much that large amounts of fluid are lost from the blood into the tissues.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
systemic inflammation
103
Fever is not beneficial because it doesn't promotes the activities of the immune system, such as phagocytosis, and inhibits the growth of some microorganisms. True or False
False - Fever is beneficial because it promotes the activities of the immune system, such as phagocytosis, and inhibits the growth of some microorganisms.
104
substances that stimulate adaptive immune responses
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
Antigens
105
introduced from outside the body
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
Foreign antigens
106
Pollen, animal hairs, foods, and drugs can cause an ______ because they are foreign antigens that produce an overreaction of the immune system
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
allergic reaction,
107
Microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, and chemicals released by microorganisms are examples of _______ antigens.
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
foreign
108
molecules the body produces to stimulate an immune system response.
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
Self-antigens
109
results when self-antigens stimulate unwanted destruction of normal tissue
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
Autoimmune disease
110
involves a group of lymphocytes called B cells and proteins called antibodies
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
Antibody-mediated immunity
111
involves the actions of a second type of lymphocyte, called T cells.
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
112
produce the effects of cell-mediated immunity
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
cytotoxic T cells
113
can promote or inhibit the activities of both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
helper T cells
114
The response to self-antigens can be beneficial. The response to self-antigens can be beneficial. True or False
True
115
promotes inflammation and phagocytosis
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
Cytokines
116
give rise to all the blood cells
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
Stem cells
117
small groups of identical B cells or T cells that are form during embryonic development
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
Clones
118
Each clone can respond only to a _______
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
particular antigen
119
When stimulated by an _______, B cells and T cells divide, producing cells that are responsible for the destruction of antigens
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
antigen
120
Among the antigens to which the clones can respond are _________.
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
self-antigens
121
The specialized B-cell or T-cell clones can respond to antigens and produce an ________ immune response.
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
adaptive
122
Lymphocytes have cell membrane proteins, called _________, on their surfaces
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
antigen receptors
123
The antigen receptors on B cells are called __________
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
B-cell receptors
124
The antigen receptors on T cells are called __________
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
T-cell receptors
125
Activation of the lymphocytes of a particular clone occurs when antigens combine with the antigen receptors of a clone. True or False
True
126
Different MHC molecules have different binding sites—that is, they are specific for certain antibodies. True or False
False - certain antigens
127
glycoproteins that have binding sites for antigens
```
CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
```
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
128
different group of receptors found on the membrane of many types of cells.
```
CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
```
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
129
found on the membranes of antigen-presenting cells, B lymphocytes, and other defense cells
```
CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
```
MHC class II molecules
130
found on the membranes of most nucleated cells
```
CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
```
MHC class I molecules
131
function as “serving trays” that hold and present a processed antigen on the outer surface of the cell membrane.
```
CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
```
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
132
The ____________ is usually only the first signal necessary to produce a response from a B cell or T cell.
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CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
```
MHC molecule/antigen combination
133
_________ can be achieved by cytokines, which are proteins or peptides secreted by one cell as a regulator of neighboring cells.
```
CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
```
Costimulation
134
a cytokine released by macrophages that can stimulate helper T cells
```
CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
```
interleukin-1
135
The ________ protein is also bound by the virus that causes AIDS
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CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
```
CD4
136
Cytotoxic T cells have a glycoprotein called ________, which helps connect cytotoxic T cells to cells displaying MHC class I molecules
```
CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
```
CD8
137
helper T cells have a glycoprotein called ________, which helps connect helper T cells to the macrophage by bind- ing to MHC class II molecules
```
CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
```
CD4
138
an important process that generates the needed defense cells to protect the body.
CHOICES:
Lymphocyte proliferation, Interleukin-2, B-cell proliferation, helper T cell
Lymphocyte proliferation
139
__________ binds to the receptors and stimulates the helper T cell to divide
CHOICES:
Lymphocyte proliferation, Interleukin-2, B-cell proliferation, helper T cell
Interleukin-2
140
__________ begins when a B cell takes in the same kind of antigen that stimulated the helper T cell
CHOICES:
Lymphocyte proliferation, Interleukin-2, B-cell proliferation, helper T cell
B-cell proliferation
141
A _______ is stimulated when it binds to the MHC class II/antigen complex
CHOICES:
Lymphocyte proliferation, Interleukin-2, B-cell proliferation, helper T cell
helper T cell
142
It is important for the number of helper T cells to increase because helper T cells are necessary for the activation of most B cells or T cells. True or False
True
143
Most B cells, however, do not respond to antigens without stimulation from cytotoxic T cells. True or False
False - helper T Cells
144
Exposure of the body to an antigen can lead to the activation of T cells and the production of antibodies. True or False
False - B Cells
145
Y-shaped molecules consisting of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains
CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region
Antibodies
146
The end of each “arm” of the antibody is the ________
CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region
variable region
147
The rest of the antibody
CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region
constant region
148
the _________ can activate complement, or it can attach the antibody to cells, such as macrophages, basophils, and mast cells.
CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region
constant region
149
This region is the part of the antibody that combines with the antigen.
CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region
variable region
150
Antibodies are sometimes called ___________ because they are found mostly in the gamma globulin part of plasma.
CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region
gamma globulins
151
Antibodies are also called ____________ because they are globulin proteins involved in immunity
CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region
immunoglobulins (Ig)
152
The ability of antibodies to join antigens together is the basis for many clinical tests. True or False
True
153
Most of the effectiveness of antibodies results from direct effects. True or False
False - indirect effects
154
When an antigen combines with the antibody, the variable region triggers the release of inflammatory chemicals from mast cells and basophils. True or False
False - constant
155
Decreasing the production or activity of cytokines can suppress the immune system. True or False
True
156
The primary response normally takes ________ to produce enough antibodies to be effective against the antigen.
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
3–14 days
157
responsible for the secondary response, or memory response, which occurs when the immune system is exposed to an antigen against which it has already produced a primary response
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
Memory B cells
158
The __________ provides better protection than the primary response
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
secondary response
159
the basis of adaptive immunity.
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
Memory cells
160
a function of cytotoxic T cells and is most effective against microorganisms that live inside body cells.
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
Cell-mediated immunity
161
also involved with some allergic reactions, the control of tumors, and graft rejection.
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
Cell-mediated immunity
162
Total serum antibody: 80-85
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgG
163
Total serum antibody: 5-10
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgM
164
Total serum antibody: 15
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgA
165
Total serum antibody: 0.002
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgE
166
Total serum antibody: 0.2
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgD
167
Binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates the inflammatory response
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgE
168
Activates complement and increases phagocytosis, can cross the placenta and provide immune protection to the fetus and newborn, responsible for Rh reactions, such as hemolytic disease of the newborn
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgG
169
Activates complement and acts as an antigen- binding receptor on the surface of B cells, responsible for transfusion reactions in the ABO blood system, often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgM
170
Secreted into saliva, into tears, and onto mucous membranes to protect body surfaces; found in colostrum and milk to provide immune protection to the newborn
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgA
171
Functions as an antigen-binding receptor on B cells
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgD
172
essential for fighting viral infections
Cell-mediated immunity
173
When viruses infect cells, they direct the cells to make new viruses, which are then released to infect other cells. True or False
True
174
Cell-mediated immunity fights viral infections by destroying bacterial infected cells. True or False
False - virally
175
Increasing the number of “daughter” helper T cells results in greater stimulation of cytotoxic T cells. True or False
True
176
a signal for activating cytotoxic T cells
T-cell receptor binding with the MHC class I/antigen complex
177
________ can distinguish between virally infected cells and noninfected cells because the T-cell receptor can bind to the MHC class I/viral antigen complex, which is not present on uninfected cells.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Cytotoxic T cells
178
results when an individual is exposed to an antigen (either naturally or artificially) and the response of the individual’s own immune system is the cause of the immunity
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Active immunity
179
occurs when another person or an animal develops immunity and the immunity is transferred to a nonimmune individual.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Passive immunity
180
a pure antibody preparation that is specific for only one antigen.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
monoclonal antibody
181
occurs when a B cell is first activated by an antigen. The B cell proliferates to form plasma cells and memory cells. The plasma cells produce antibodies.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Primary response
182
__________ implies that contact with the antigen or transfer of antibodies occurs as part of everyday living and is not deliberate
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Natural
183
_________ implies that deliberate introduction of an antigen or antibody into the body has occurred.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Artificial
184
__________ results from natural exposure to an antigen, such as a disease-causing microorganism, that stimulates the immune system to respond against the antigen.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Active natural immunity
185
an antigen is deliberately introduced into an individual to stimulate the immune system.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
active artificial immunity
186
vaccination is a sample of _________
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
active artificial immunity
187
usually consists of part of a pathogen, either a dead microorganism or a live, altered one
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
vaccine
188
produces long-lasting immunity without disease symptoms, it is the preferred method of acquiring adaptive immunity.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Active artificial immunity
189
the preferred treatment when not enough time is available for the individual to develop his or her own active immunity
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Passive artificial immunity
190
Because the individual is not immune during the first exposure, he or she usually develops the symptoms of the disease.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Active natural immunity
191
involves the collecting of antibodies from one source and introducing them to an infected individual usually through injection.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Passive artificial immunity
192
provides immediate protection because the antibodies either directly or indirectly destroy the antigen
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Passive artificial immunity
193
results when antibodies are transferred from a mother to her child across the placenta before birth
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Passive natural immunity
194
Antibodies that provide passive artificial immunity are referred to by the general term ________ because the antibodies are found in serum, which is plasma minus the clotting factors.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
antiserum
