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Microbiology > Chapter 14 Micro > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Micro Flashcards

1
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

disease causing microorganism

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2
Q

Infection means what?

A

colonization of the body by pathogens

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3
Q

disease

A

abnormal state which the body is not functioning normally

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4
Q

what is pathogenesis?

A

development of the disease

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5
Q

etiology can be defined as what?

A

the cause of a disease

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6
Q

Few microorganisms are pathogenic. True or false?

A

TRUE!

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7
Q

what is the importance of normal microbiota?

A

permanently colonize the host starting at birth and later through food and contact with others

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8
Q

how are microbiota studied and what is the benefit?

A

DNA sequencing to make microbiome.

Determining microbiome can help with specific syndrome or disease correlation

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9
Q

why might different types of bacteria colonize different parts of the body?

A
  1. Nutrient availability (secretion, excretions and dead cells
  2. physical and chemical factors (pH and temp)
  3. defenses of the host
  4. mechanical factors (chewing, flushing, mucus and cilia)
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10
Q

what are transient microbiota?

A

only present for a short period of time, typically coming from the environment and do not cause disease.

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11
Q

when can transient microbiota cause disease?

A

when it displaces the normal microbiota

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12
Q

list some factors that contribute to differing microbiota in each person:

A 
age
diet
stress
climate
lifestyle
occupation
emotional state
health status
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13
Q

where does normal microbiota reside?

A 
skin
conjunctiva
nose
throat
mouth
large intestine
urinary tract
reproductive system
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14
Q

normal microbiota of the skin:

A

most microbes do not become direct residents due to oil and sweat on skin’s surface. low moisture content

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15
Q

what is keratin’s role in the normal microbiota?

A

serves as barrier; low pH of skin inhibits many microbes

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16
Q

normal microbiota of conjunctiva:

A

contains nearly the same microbiota found on the skin’s surface

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17
Q

what are some defenses of the conjunctiva to prevent microbe colonization?

A

tears and blinking

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18
Q

normal microbiota of nose and throat:

A

microbial antagonism reduces potential pathogens from causing disease

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19
Q

what are some defenses of the nose and throat to prevent colonization?

A

nasal secretions kill and inhibit many microbes

mucus and ciliary action remove microbes

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20
Q

normal microbiota of the mouth:

A

moisture, warmth and constant presence of food make the mouth an ideal environment that supports large diverse microbial populations

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21
Q

what are some defenses of the mouth?

A

biting, chewing, tongue movements and salivary flow dislodge microbes

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22
Q

normal microbiota of the urinary and reproductive systems:

A

mucus and shedding of the lining prevent microbes from attaching
Flow removes microbes
cilia and mucus expel microbes from the cervix

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23
Q

what are defenses of the urinary and reproductive tract to prevent microbe colonization?

A
  • acidity of the vagina inhibits or kills microbes

- urea and low pH of urine are antimicrobial

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24
Q

normal microbiota of the large intestine:

A

contains largest numbers of the resident microbiota in the body because of moisture and nutrients

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25
Q

what are defenses of the large intestine to prevent microbe colonization?

A
  • mucus and regular shedding of the lining prevent many microbes from attaching to the lining of the GI tract
  • mucosa produces several antimicrobial chemicals
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26
Q

microbial anatogonism

A

competition between microbes

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27
Q

how does the normal microbiota use microbial antagonism?

A

competing for nutrients
producing substances harmful to invaders
changing conditions such as pH and O2

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28
Q

explain germ free animals

A

raised in lab but have underdeveloped immune systems and are more susceptible to pathogenic infection
require more calories and vitamins than normal animals

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29
Q

what happens when germ free animals are repopulated with microbiota from obese animals?

A

they become obese

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30
Q

why are germ free animals used?

A

help investigate host microbe interactions that promote health

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31
Q

PRObiotics are described as what?

A

live microbes that are applied or ingested to the body for beneficial effects

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32
Q

PREbiotics are describes as what?

A

chemicals that selectively promote growth of beneficial bacteria

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33
Q

what is the purpose for the FMT (fecal microbiota transplant)?

A

process of transplantation of fecal bacteria from healthy donor to recipient, can help with C. diff

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34
Q

What are the three types of symbiosis?

A

commensalism, mutualism, parasitism

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35
Q

what is commensalism?

A

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Example: S. epidermia inhabit surface on skin

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36
Q

what is mutualism?

A

both organisms are benefiting
Example: E.coli: bacteria in the large intestine that synthesizes vitamin K and some B vitamins; they’re absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed for use by body cells. In exchange, the large intestine provides nutrients used by the bacteria, allowing them to survive

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37
Q

what is parasitism?

A

one organisms benefits at the expense of the other like pathogens
Example: influenza

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38
Q

opportunistic pathogens are what?

A

when pathogens that normally inhabit other areas gain access to other body sites it can be detrimental in immunocompromised people

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39
Q

what are the three ways normal microbiota protect the host?

A
  1. occupy niches that pathogens might occupy
  2. lower ph by producing acids
  3. produce bacteriocins that kill other bacteria
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40
Q

what does etiology mean?

A

the cause of diseases or conditions

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41
Q

what are Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
  2. pathogen must be isolated from the diseases host and grown in pure culture
  3. pathogen from pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into healthy lab animal
  4. pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animal and must be shown to the original animal
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42
Q

why is paying attention to Koch’s postulates important?

A

correlation does not mean causation

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43
Q

what are some problems with Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. some organisms cannot be cultured on artificial media
  2. some diseases types can be caused by multiple different pathogens
  3. some pathogens cause multiple diseases
  4. some carriers are asymptomatic
  5. some pathogens cause symptoms or leave tell tale signs that no other pathogen can produce, implicating it in the disease
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44
Q

what are the 3 ways to classify infectious diseases?

A
  • signs and symptoms
  • syndromes
  • contagious, communicable, noncommunicable
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45
Q

what is a symptom?

A

change in body function that is felt by patient as a result of disease
Example is malaise

46
Q

what is a sign?

A

change in body that can be measured or observed as result of disease, swelling, fever or paralysis
Examples is high cholesterol

47
Q

what is syndrome?

A

specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
Examples: down syndrome, Parkinson’s syndrome, AIDS

48
Q

contagious disease is classified as what?

A

disease that is easily spread from one host to another , does not require close contact

49
Q

communicable disease is classified as what?

A

disease that is spread from one host to another either directly or indirectly, requires close contact

50
Q

noncommunicable disease is classified as what?

A

disease that is not transmitted from one host to the other

51
Q

give examples of contagious disease:

A

Influenza, measles, common cold

52
Q

give examples of communicable disease:

A

ebola, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis

53
Q

give examples of noncommunicable disease:

A

tetanus, food poisoning, lyme disease

54
Q

COVID-19 is both:

A

contagious and communicable

55
Q

what is incidence?

A

number of new cases of a disease over specific time period

56
Q

what is prevalence?

A

existing cases of new disease at a given time

incidence x time) -(deaths +cures

57
Q

what is sporadic disease?

A

disease that occurs occ. in pop

58
Q

what is endemic disease?

A

disease constantly present in population

59
Q

what is epidemic disease?

A

disease acquired by many hosts in given area in short time

60
Q

what is pandemic disease?

A

worldwide disease (COVID, Influenza in 1918)

61
Q

herd immunity

A

when many people in pop. are immune, others are protected from the spread of infection as consequence

62
Q

what is acute disease?

A

symptoms develop rapidly, lasts short time

example: flu

63
Q

what is chronic disease?

A

disease develops slowly and continues or recurs for a long time
example: encephalitis

64
Q

what is subacute disease?

A

symptoms between acute and chronic

example: hepatitis

65
Q

what is latent disease?

A

disease with period of no symptoms when the causative agents inactive
example: herpes

66
Q

Covid-19 is an acute disease…

A

symptoms develop rapidly and last a short time

67
Q

what is local infection?

A

pathogens that are limited to a small area of the body

68
Q

what is systemic infection?

A

infection throughout the body via blood or lymph system

69
Q

what is a focal infection?

A

infection that began as an asymptomatic infection in one place and causes distant injury to another part

70
Q

what is focal infection theory?

A

distant from infections that spread from one place to another because infection is known and symptomatic

71
Q

what is bacteremia?

A

bacteria in the blood

Example: can arise from teeth brushing and dental work

72
Q

what is septicemia?

A

growth of bacteria in the blood

73
Q

what is sepsis?

A

toxic inflammatory condition arising from spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins from focus infection

74
Q

what is toxemia?

A

toxins in the blood

75
Q

what is viremia?

A

viruses in the blood

76
Q

what is a primary infection?

A

acute infection that causes the initial illness

77
Q

what is a secondary infection?

A

opportunistic infection that occurs after a primary infection. It may be a result of the primary infection or the treatment of the primary infection

78
Q

what is a subclinical or asymptomatic disease?

A

no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)

79
Q

what is case fatality rate?

A

is the ratio of deaths to the total number of cases of a specific disease for a certain period of time

80
Q

what are some general disease susceptibility factors?

A 
climate
nutrition
lifestyle
age
sex
fatigue
inherited traits 
chemotherapy
81
Q

what is incubation period?

A

Interval between infection and signs or symptoms, able to spread infection
In covid: 4-14 days

82
Q

what is prodromal period?

A

early, mild symptoms

In COVID: fever, loss of smell/taste, headache

83
Q

what is period of illness?

A

most severe, death possible, (white cells can go up or down)

In COVID: ICU admission, death possible

84
Q

period of decline means what?

A

getting better, vulnerable to secondary infections

85
Q

period of convalescence is what?

A

return to normal health, spread of infection still possible

86
Q

what are reservoirs?

A

Continual sources of infection
Pathogen has resources for survival and opportunity for transmission
*can be living or nonliving

87
Q

what is zoonoses?

A

diseases transmitted by animals to humans

88
Q

what are infected individuals?

A

carrier signs and symptoms of disease as a human reservoir

89
Q

what are carriers?

A

inapparent infections or latent diseases

90
Q

what are different types of transmission?

A

contact transmission, vehicle transmission, vector transmission

91
Q

what is waterborne transmission?

A

transmission by inanimate reservoir i.e water

sewage in H20 cholera

92
Q

what is vehicle transmission?

A

transmission by inanimate reservoir

93
Q

what is food-borne transmission?

A

transmission by an inanimate reservoir

incomplete cooking or storage of food leading to contagion

94
Q

what is airborne transmission?

A

transmission by inanimate reservoir

must be through air more than one meter away

95
Q

how can a person have transmission by zoonoses?

A

direct by animal-animal
contact with animal products
contaminated non living objects
ingestion

96
Q

what is direct transmission?

A

requires close association between infected and susceptible host

97
Q

what is indirect transmission?

A

spread by non living objects like fomites

98
Q

what are droplets?

A

transmission by proximity to large infectious agent containing droplets less than 1 meter away

99
Q

what is biological transmission?

A

active, pathogen reproduces in vector

100
Q

what is mechanical transmission?

A

passive, arthropod carries pathogen on feet or body

101
Q

what are nosocomial infections?

A

acquired in the hospital

102
Q

what are some contributing factors to nosocomial infections?

A

compromised host, disease, wounds, burns, sedation, chemotherapy, stress, malnutrition

103
Q

how can nosocomial infections be controlled?

A

aseptic technique, hand washing, disinfection, sterilization, packaging or equipment, dressings

104
Q

what are emerging infectious diseases?

A

diseases that are new, increasing in incidence or showing potential

105
Q

factors that contribute to EID include?

A

mutation, reassortment,
evolution of new strains, changes in weather, ecological disaster, war, poverty, inappropriate use of pesticides or antibiotics

106
Q

what are the different types of epidemiology?

A

descriptive: collection and analysis of data done retrospectively
Example: Snow, London cholera epidemic
analytical: comparison of diseases group and healthy group
Example: Nightingale comparing soldiers and civilians
experimental: controlled experiments
Ex: “Savior of mothers” Ignatz Sem.

107
Q

what are case reporting and nationally notifiable diseases?

A

health care workers report specified disease to local, state and national offices
Physicians are required to report occurrence

108
Q

what is morbidity?

A

incidence of specific notifiable disease

109
Q

mortality

A

deaths from notifiable disease

110
Q

morbidity rate

A

number of people affected in relation to total pop

111
Q

mortality rate

A

number of deaths from disease in relation to pop

112
Q

why do nosocomial infections generate?

A

-microorganisms in the hospital environment
-the compromised (or weakened) status of the host
-the chain of transmission in the hospital
The interaction of all 3 factors poses a risk of HAI, not just one alone

Microbiology (7 decks)

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