Chapter 14 - Oral Cavity - Parts 4

Question 1

The esophagus is located posterior to what?

Answer 1

trachea

Question 2

The esophagus is noted as the beginning of what? What is the end?

Answer 2

GI tract

anus

Question 3

The esophagus runs from the ______ to the _____ _____.

Answer 3

epiglottis

gastroesophageal junction

Question 4

The esophagus is lined by what?

Answer 4

Esophageal mucosa

Question 5

What are the 4 types of obstructive and vascular lesions of the esophagus?

Answer 5

Mechanical
Functional
Ectopic
Esophageal varices

Question 6

When a thin, noncanalized cord replaced a segment of esophagus.

Answer 6

atresia

Question 7

Artesia is an example of what kind of obstructive of the esophagus?

Answer 7

mechanical

Question 8

Atresia is usually associated with what?

Answer 8

A fistula

Question 9

What is it called where there is a connection btw esophagus and trachea?

Answer 9

Tracheal fistula

Question 10

Besides atresia and tracheal fistula what else can cause a mechanical obstruction of the esophagus?

Answer 10

stenosis (fibrosis)

Question 11

Uncoordinated peristalsis is called what?

Answer 11

aperistalsis

Question 12

Aperistalsis is what kind of obstruction of the esophagus?

Answer 12

functional

Question 13

Achalasia is what kind of esophageal obstruction?

Answer 13

functional

Question 14

What does achalasia mean?

Answer 14

“failure to relax”

Question 15

What is characterized by a triad of things?

Answer 15

achalasia

Question 16

What is the triad associated with Achalasia?

Answer 16

1. Incomplete LES relaxation
2. Increased LES tone
3. Esophageal aperistalsis

Question 17

What are some things that can happen with people with Achalasia?

Answer 17

dysphagia, regurgitation, chest pain (heartburn), weight loss

Question 18

Achalasia can cause dilation of the esophagus where?

Answer 18

Proximal area

Question 19

What are some treatments for Achalasia?

Answer 19

botulinum toxin

Pneumatic dilation

Question 20

What are the two types of Achalasia?

Answer 20

Primary and secondary

Question 21

Is primary or secondary Achalasia MC?

Answer 21

primary

Question 22

What is primary Achalasia?

Answer 22

Los of INHIBITORY innervation to the LES

Question 23

What is secondary Achalasia?

Answer 23

Co-morbidity impairs esophageal functioning.

Question 24

What are some things that can cause secondary Achalasia?

Answer 24

Chagas disease
Irradiation
Diabetes
polio

Question 25

specifically distinctive or characteristic of a disease or pathologic condition; a sign or symptom on which a diagnosis can be made.

Answer 25

pathognomonic

Question 26

What is the pathognomonic characteristic of secondary Achalasia?

Answer 26

Inflammation near Aeurbach's plexus

Question 27

Infection of what in Chagas disease will cause secondary Achalasia?

Answer 27

trypanosoma cruzi

Question 28

Ectopia affects what part of the esophagus?

Answer 28

Upper 1/3

Question 29

Ectopia is aka

Answer 29

Ectopic gastric mucosa

Question 30

What are the MC symptoms of ectopic gastric mucosa?

Answer 30

MC are AYSMPTOMATIC

Question 31

Is ectopic gastric mucosa a risk of cancer?

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

Portal venous congestion can lead to what?

Answer 32

Portal HTN

Question 33

Esophageal varices develop in what area of the esophagus?

Answer 33

Distal 1/3

Question 34

What are esophageal varices?

Answer 34

Dilated and tortuous esophageal vessels

Question 35

Esophageal varices are secondary to what?

Answer 35

Liver cirrhosis

Question 36

Liver cirrhosis is most commonly associated with what?

Answer 36

Alcoholic liver disease

Question 37

What percentage of patients with liver cirrhosis will develop esophageal varices?

Answer 37

90%

Question 38

Why is esophageal varices known as the "silent killer"

Answer 38

b/c it is asymptomatic and a risk for hemorrhage

Question 39

1st time bleed of esophageal varices are lethal what percent of the time?

Answer 39

50%

Question 40

Bleeds from esophageal varices can lead to what?

Answer 40

hypovolemic shock

Question 41

Advanced cirrhosis of liver can lead to what?

Answer 41

Hepatic encephalopathy (hepatic coma)

Question 42

With liver failure what can happen?

Answer 42

Toxins accumulate in CNS

Question 43

What is esophageal inflammation called? Is this a common condition?

Answer 43

esophagitis | yes

Question 44

Esophagitis occurs secondary to what?

Answer 44

Injury of esophageal mucosa

Question 45

Do symptoms of esophagitis correlate well with the degree of inflammation?

Answer 45

no

Question 46

a dysphagia in which swallowing causes pain.

Answer 46

odynophagia

Question 47

What two things happen with esophagitis?

Answer 47

Odynophagia and dysphagia

Question 48

What is the MC cause of esophagitis?

Answer 48

Reflux esophagitis (GERD)

Question 49

GERD means

Answer 49

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Question 50

What percentage of adults have GERD?

Answer 50

25-40%

Question 51

What is the cause of GERD?

Answer 51

idiopathic

Question 52

What are some things that can lead to GERD?

Answer 52

``` LES dysfunction Increase gastric volume Obesity hiatal hernia Pregnancy Smoking alcohol ```

Question 53

What are the 3 types of esophagitis?

Answer 53

1. GERD 2. Chemical 3. Infectious

Question 54

Esophagitis that is acute and self-limited is what kind?

Answer 54

chemical

Question 55

What are the irritants that can damage the squamous mucosa of the esophagus?

Answer 55

``` Tobacco Alcohol Pills Hot fluids Acidic/alkaline foods Irradiation chemotherapy ```

Question 56

Infectious esophagitis is MC what?

Answer 56

Secondary to ulcer

Question 57

Infectious esophagitis is MC in what types of patients?

Answer 57

Debilitate or immunosupressed

Question 58

What can cause infectious esophagitis?

Answer 58

Fungal (Candida esophagitis) HSV CMV