Chapter 14 - Pathogen management strategies

Question 1

what are the three categories of emerging diseases

Answer 1

• Diseases that have recently appeared in a population
• Diseases that have occurred previously but until recently have affected only small numbers in isolated places
• Diseases that have occurred previously but only recently have been associated with a newly identified pathogen

Question 2

three examples of emerging diseases

Answer 2

COVID 19, ebola, AIDS

Question 3

two re emerging diseases

Answer 3

Malaria and TB

Question 4

what are three factors that are targeted to prevent and control the spread of a disease

Answer 4

• The mechanisms of transmission
• Environmental factors (climate)
• Characteristics of the infected population (levels of immunisation)

Question 5

disease management is a coordinated response involving what

Answer 5

Prevention, control and treatment and is a response that is specific for each infectious disease

Question 6

what are practices that prevent the spread of disease

Answer 6

hygiene practices, quarantine, vaccination, public health campaigns, pesticides, genetic engineering

Question 7

control measures

Answer 7

strategies that reduce the incidence and duration of a disease

Question 8

what are the six teams the WHO have response teams aimed at

Answer 8

• Prevention once the outbreak has happened
• Anticipation
• Early detection
• Containment
• Control
• Eradication

Question 9

Epidemiologists

Answer 9

A scientist who studies the causes and effects of diseases at a population level, and who works to prevent or minimise the impact of diseases on the population

Question 10

Epidemiology

Answer 10

The study of the occurrence of disease in populations

Question 11

Endemic

Answer 11

a disease that always present in a population or region

Question 12

Epidemic

Answer 12

An increase in the occurrence of a specific disease above the baseline level for a particular population, refers to larger more serious events than an outbreak

Question 13

Pandemic

Answer 13

a disease that has spread rapidly throughout the world. An epidemic that has crossed international borders

Question 14

what are the 5 management strategies that should be utilised before and during an outbreak

Answer 14

• Quarantine
• Immunisation
• Distribution of pathogen life cycles
• Medications (antibiotics, antivirals)
• Physical preventative measures

Question 15

quarantine

Answer 15

A period of isolation undertaken by potentially infected individuals to prevent the spread of a contagious disease

Question 16

biosecurity

Answer 16

a set of strategies that support the prevention of, response to and recovery from diseases that affect our economy, environment and health

Question 17

what measures are taken to protect Australia’s agriculture and environment against disease

Answer 17

1. inspection of all material brought into aus
2. Materials and organisms displaying the impact of a disease are destroyed or quaratined
3. Monitoring for vectors entering aus (eg varroa mite)
4. Northern aus on high alert due to proximity to south east asia
5. Any tools treated before travel

Question 18

what are 5 potential carriers of disease inspected by biosecurity officers

Answer 18

• Seeds
• Soil
• Animals or animal products
• Bees, honey, other hive products
• Vessels and vehicles

Question 19

Antibodies

Answer 19

Special protein that is produced by B cells (WBCS) and react with and helps make pathogens harmless

Question 20

immunisation

Answer 20

the process of developing resistance to a specific disease

Question 21

Active immunity

Answer 21

can be artificial (vaccination) or natural (infection)

Question 22

Passive immunity

Answer 22

can be artificial (monoclonal antibodies) or natural (maternal antibodies)

Question 23

DEFINE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

Answer 23

CHECK HUMAN BIO BOOK

Question 24

Herd immunity

Answer 24

The phenomenon that once a particular proportion of a population is immune to a disease, susceptible individuals are also better protected from the specific disease

Question 25

what are the seven principles of herd immunity

Answer 25

1. A critical (high enough) proportion of the host population becomes immune to a specific 2. Immunity is usually by an artificial vaccine (or gained naturally through recovery) causing the formation of specific antibodies and memory cells against a specific pathogen 3. This limits the spread of the disease, because there are too few susceptible people to sustain the spread. The pathogen cannot reproduce at a high enough rate to sustain its population 4. Infected hosts carrying the pathogen are more likely to come into contact with immune individuals, reducing the possibility of transmission and reducing the risk for susceptible people 5. The higher proportion of immune individuals, the greater the protection 6. It protects people who cannot be vaccinated 7. The proportion of the population who need to be immune to create heard immunity depends on the virulence of the pathogen

Question 26

What are the three factors needed for disease to spread

Answer 26

- A susceptible host in sufficient density - Growth of a violent pathogen population - Transmission

Question 27

Antibiotics

Answer 27

an antimicrobial chemical that inhibits or destroys bacteria

Question 28

what are the modes of action of antibiotics

Answer 28

- Inhibition of protein synthesis (ribosome) - Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis (DNA) - Inhibition of cell wall synthesis - Disruption of cell membrane function - Blocking pathways and inhibiting metabolism (folic acid)

Question 29

Antivirals

Answer 29

an antimicrobial chemical that inhibits the ability of viruses to replicate

Question 30

what are the four various target points of antivirals

Answer 30

1. Inhibit binding or attachment ('entry blocking' drugs) 2. inhibit entry or penetration by blocking protein channels in the host cell membrane 3. Inhibit transcription of the virus by blocking transcription factors to viral DNA 4. Prevent the release of the newly assembled viruses from the cell membrane

Question 31

what are the five physical preventative measures

Answer 31

- Handwashing - Use filtered clean water and food - Sanitation - Sneeze and cough into elbow - Barriers (masks, mozzie nets)

Question 32

What are the steps involved in investigating a disease outbreak

Answer 32

- Confirm outbreak - Formulate case definition - Find cases - Trace contact - Identify index case - Gather and analyse info - Develop hypothesis - Test hypothesis (arrow going back and forth between these two) - Implement control measures