Chapter 14 - Psychoanalysis: After the founding Flashcards
(57 cards)
1
Q
What were the major tenets of the Neo-Freudians?
A
- Loyalists who called for an expansion of the ego (Ego psychology)
- The ego was independent of the Id, had its own energy not derived from the Id, and had functions separate from the Id
- Ego was free of the conflict produced when Id impulses pressed for satisfaction
- Less empahsis on biological forces on personality
2
Q
What’s the life story of Anna Freud?
A
- Youngest of Freud’s six children.
- Born the same years as Freud and Breuer’s publication of studies on Hysteria
- Freud was less than enthusiastic about her birth
- Was the least favoured girl in the family, was jealous of her sister
- Eventually became Freud’s favourite
- Began discussing her dreams with Freud at a young age
- At 14, began attending the Vienna psychoanalytic Society meetings
- Age 22, entered psychoanalysis with Freud, lasting four years
- Was a primary school teacher
- In 1924, became a psychoanalyst herself
- Freud was ambivalent about Anna becoming an analyst
- Anna experienced an identity crisus for six years
- Rejected suitors for marriage, then developed a long-term platonic relationship with an American heiress
- Dedicated her career to treatment of emotionally troubled children
3
Q
What was significant about Anna Freud’s child analysis?
A
- Psychoanalytic therapy with children
- Took into account their relative immaturity and the level of their verbal skills
- Use of play materials and observation of the child in the home setting
- Established a treatment centre and psychoanalytic training institute (clinical psychologists from throughout the world trained there)
4
Q
What is object relations theory?
A
- Invented by Melanie Klein
- “Object” used to refer to any person, object, or activity that can satisfy an instinct
- Theory focused on interpersonal relationships with instinct-satisfying objects
- Argued that the child needs to break free from the primary object (the mother) in order to establish a strong sense of self and to develop relations with other objects (people)
5
Q
What’s the life story of Carl Jung?
A
- Born in Kesswil, Switzerland
- Father was a minister who lost his faith (angry outbursts)
- Mother suffered from mental illness
- Childhood was lonely and isolated
- Turned inward to cope, focused on dreams and fanatasies
- His major university was revealed to him in a dream
- Graduated from Unviersity of Basel in 1900 with an MD
- Psychiatry appointment at a mental health hospital under Eugen Bleuer
- 1905, lecturer of psychiatry at the University of Zurich
- Married Emma Rauschenbach (very wealthy)
- Jung left his university position and focused full-time on writing and his practice
- Both were rigid parents toward their three daughters
- First became aware of Freud after reading The interpretation of Dreams
6
Q
What was Jung’s relationship with Freud like?
A
- It was an infamous relationship
- Jung attempted to use Freud’s techniques in his own practice, but found them ineffective
- The two corresponded via mail
- Jung travelled to Vienna to meet him, the first meeting lasted 13 hours
- Attended the Clark University conference with him
- Jung began to disagree with Freud on the sexual basis for mental illness
- 1911 Freud insisted tat Jung become first president of the international psychoanalytic association
- 1914, ended their friendship
7
Q
Who was Sabina Spielrein?
A
- First patient to become a psychoanalyst
- Carl Jung’s patient
- Had an affair with her when she enrolled in medical school
- As an analyst, studied with Freud and was Piaget’s analyst
- Murdered by Nazis in Russia
8
Q
What was analytical psychology?
A
- Jung’s version of psychoanalysis
- No place for an Oedipus complex
- Sex played a small role in human motivation
- Role of the libido: a generalized life energy of which sex was only a part. Shaped our goals, hopes, and aspirations
- Personality could be changed after age 5
9
Q
What were Jung’s two levels of the unconscious mind?
A
Personal unconscious = reservoir of material that was once conscious but has been forgotten or suppressed
- Analogous to Freud’s unconscious
- Some of the material can be retrieved, but some cannot
Collective unconscious = deepest level of the psyche which contained inherited experiences of human and pre-human species
- Likely his most controversial theory
- Common experiences of humanity
10
Q
What are Jung’s archetypes?
A
- Inherited tendencies within the collective unconscious
- Will dispose a person to behave similarly to ancestors who confronted similar situations
- Archetypes often linked to life events like birth, marriage, and death
- The ‘gods’ of the unconscious
- Some archetypes directly shape our personality
11
Q
What’s the archetype of persona?
A
- The mask we wear when we come into contact with people
- May or may not align with the person’s actual personality
- Similar to role playing in different situations
12
Q
What’s the archetype of anima and animus?
A
- Each person exhibits some characteristics of the opposite sex
- Anima = feminine characteristics in men
- Animus = masculine characteristics in women
13
Q
What’s the shadow archetype?
A
- Animalistic part of the personality
- Immoral and unacceptable desires
- Urges us to pursue these acts
14
Q
What’s the self archetype?
A
- The most important archetype according to Jung
- Unifies all aspects of the unconscious into a coherent personality
- Provides stability and drives us toward self-actualization (the full development of our abilities)
- Self-actualization doesn’t occur until 30-40s
15
Q
How did Jung define introversion and extraversion?
A
- Believed that the opposing attitudes reflected the direction of the life energy (libido)
- Outward vs. inward turning of the libido
16
Q
What were Jung’s psychological types?
A
- Thinking - a conceptual process that provides meaning and understanding
- Feeling - a subjective process of weighing and valuing
- Sensing - the unconscious perception of physical objects
- Intuiting - involves perceiving in an unconscious way
17
Q
Which are the rational and the irrational modes of responding?
A
- Thinking and feeling are rational
- Sensing and intuiting are non-rational and do not involve the use of reason
18
Q
What were Carl Jung’s contributions to psychology?
A
- Has inspired historians, art, literature, etc.
- Like Freud, many of his ideas lack scientific support
- Developed a word-association test still used today to study emotions
- the MBTI based on his ideas
- Introversion-extraversion studied by Hans Eysenck
- Maslow: study of self-actualization
19
Q
What’s the life story of Alfred Adler?
A
- Born in Vienna
- Wealthy family, but considered his childhood to be miserable
- Sickly child and considered himself ugly
- Had a rivalry with his older brother
- Nearly died from pneumonia, influenced him to become a doctor
- Read the Interpretation of Dreams after finishing his MD
- Became interested in psychiatry in 1902, joined Freud as one of founding four of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society
- Worked with Freud, but were never friendly
- Had resign cause of rift with Freud in 1911
- Gave many talks in the US, and became quite popular
- Rivalry with Freud became bitter
- Adler died of heart disease while visiting Scotland
20
Q
What’s Adler’s version of psychoanalysis?
A
- Behaviour is driven by social forces, not biology
- Social interest: innate potential to cooperate with other people and achieve societal goals
- Develops in infancy and develops through experiences
- Minimized the influence of sex
- More concerned with the conscious over the unconscious
- Also believed that we are more focused on our plan for the future less so in the past (like Freud)
- For personality, Adler suggested that there is a dynamic force driving us to superiority
- Also believed in the equality of the sexes
21
Q
What was Adler’s inferiority complex?
A
- A condition that develops when a person is unable to compensate for normal inferiority feelings
- Proposed that a feeling of inferiority is a motivating force in behaviour
- Helplessness and dependence on other people awaken this sense of inferiority in infancy
22
Q
What was Adler’s theory regarding compensation?
A
- He suggested that people are quire sensitive about organ weakness in particular
- Compensation: developing other senses instead (eg. hearing)
- Overcompensation: developing a weakness into a strength
23
Q
What were Jung’s theory regarding birth order?
A
- There is a relationship between birth order and personality because of how one is treated in relation to others in the family
24
Q
What’s the first-born personality?
A
- Dethroned by the second child
- More insecure, hostile, and authoritarian
- More likelyto be criminals and neurotics
- Freud was a ‘typical’ first born
25
What's the second-born personality?
- Ambitious, rebellious, jealous of first child
- Strive to be better than the firstborn
- May have reflected Adler's own position as a second child
26
What's the youngest born personality?
- Most likely to be spoiled and experience later behavioural problems
27
What's an only child personality?
- Adler believed that they would be the centre of attention
- This would later create problems relating to others later on
28
How was Adler perceived by others?
- Freud's dissenters turned to Adler
- Many were very dissatisfied with Freud's obsession with sex
- Adler's psychology was much more hopeful
- Freud argued it was too simple
- Experimental psychologists criticized unfalsifiable nature of Adler, just like Freud and Jung
29
What has there been scientific support for regarding Adler's theories?
- Firstborns have higher intelligence, need to achieve, more education, anxiety when siblings born
- Later borns more prone to stress
30
What has there not been scientific support for regarding Adler's theories?
- Mixed findings on second-borns
- No support for Adler's beliefs about only children
31
What were Adler's contributions to psychology?
- A continuing influence on psychoanalysis with many training institutes
- Most ego psychologists follow his model and focus on rational and conscious processes
- Influenced the humanists such as Maslow
- Social learning ideas influenced Julian Rotter
- Still a journal focus on Adlerian psychology
32
What's the life story of Karen Horney?
- Born in Germany
- Father was domineering and a strict man, mother was very liberal and unhappy
- Father often berated her, moter favoured her brother
- Lack of parental love led to basic anxiety
- The trauma from this was evidenced in her writing
- Had many emotional crushes
- Entered med school
- Married and had three daughters
- Became depressed, had a lot of marital problems
- Many affairs, then divorced
- Relationship with Erich Fromm, devastated when it ended
- Analyst suggested she had Oedipal longings for her father
- Continued to date younger men as she got older
- Became an analyst at age 33
- Became associate director at the Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis
- Moved to New York
- Founded a journal
33
What did Horney disagree about with Freud?
- Described her work as an extension of Freud's system
- Agreed with him on the unconscious
- Proposed womb envy instead of penis envy
- Disagreed on the preeminence of sexual factors , the concept of the libido, the Id, Eg, and Superego
34
What's the core of Horney's system?
- Infants are driven by a need for safety and security
- Pervasive loneliness and helplessness are feelings that give rise to neuroses
- Results from parental actionsc such as dominance, lack of protection and love, and erratic behaviour
35
How did Horney think personality developed?
- Like Freud, thought that personality develops in the early childhood years
- However, personality change continues throughout life
- Development was based on treatment by parents and peers, not Freud's psychosexual stages
36
What was Horney's personality theory regarding neurotic needs?
- Horney listed 10 neurotic needs, including affection, achievement, and self-sufficiency
- Neurotic needs give rise to three personality types:
1. The compliant personality (moving toward people, need for approval and affection)
2. The detached personality (moving away from people, a need for independence)
3. The aggressive personality (moving against people, a need for power and admiration)
37
What's the problem that Horney outlines for each of the three personalities?
- Compliant - acceptance of being helpless to gain affection
- Detached - withdrawing fro others damages social relationships
- Aggressive - Can lead to conlficts with others
- Fixed behaviour patterns impact relationships with others
38
What was Horney's idealized self-image?
- Provides the person with a false picture of the personality or self
- A mask that prevents neurotics from understanding themselves (they believe the mask is their true self)
- A method for denying their inner conflicts
- Could be prevented through a warm and secure childhood
39
How was Horney a feminist?
- First woman to present a paper on feminist psychology at a psychoanalytic meeting
- Highlighted a distinction between the self-identity of traditional women and modern women
- Wrote about how culture influences the development of women's personality and feelings of inferiority
40
What's humanistic psychology?
- Emphasized human strengths, positive aspirations, conscious experience, free will, the fulfillment of human potential, and a belief in the wholeness of human nature
- Influenced by anti-establishment counter culture
- Early theorists (Brentano, Kulpe)
41
What's the life story of Maslow?
- Born in Brooklyn
- Disliked his father, a drinker and a womanizer
- Hated his mother his entire like, described her as cruel and ignorant
- The only jewish boy in his neighborhood
- Very lonely and shy, spent time to himself reading a lot
- Was a strong student, attended law school
- Dropped out of law
- Enrolled at Cornell, took intro to psychology with Titchener, wasn't impressed
- Age 20 married his first cousin
- Transferred to University of Wisconsin
- In grad school, became interested in Watson's behaviourism
- Was the first grad student of Harry Harlow
- Researched dominance in monkeys
- Taught at Wisconsin and then Columbia
- Began studying human sexuality
- Moved to Brooklyn
- Met numerous psychologists who fled Nazi Germany
- APA president
42
What was Maslows hierarchy of needs?
- His most well-known theory
- All human needs can be arranged into a hierarchy
- The lower the needs, the more basic they are
- The higher the needs, the more distinctly human they are
- When one layer of needs is satisfied, we are free to move on to the next
43
How did Maslow investigate self-actualization?
- Driven to understand the greatest of which we are capable
- Studied a small sample of psychologically outstanding people
- Tried to determine how they differed from those of average or normal mental health
- Several dozen people, include a number of famous people (Ex. Einstein)
44
How did Maslow define self-actualization?
- The full development of one's abilities and the realization of one's potential
- We must first satisfy needs that stand lower in the innate hierarchy
45
What are the prerequisites for self-actualization?
- Sufficient love in childhood and safety needs in the first 2 years
- Without self-esteem early in life, it is difficult to attain
46
What are the 11 tendencies of self-actualizers?
1. An objective perception of reality
2. A full acceptance of their own nature
3. A commitment and dedication to some kind of work
4. Simplicity and naturalness of behaviour
5. A need for autonomy and independence
6. Intense mystical or peak experiences
7. Empathy with and affection for all humanity
8. Resistance to conformity
9. A democratic character structure
10. An attitude of creativeness
11. A high degree of social interest (considerations for society as a whole)
47
What were Adler's contributions to psychology?
- Inspired other psychologists to embrace humans (and eventually positive psychology)
- Studies by others found some support for the notion of self-actualization
- Support that self-actualization more likely to occur in middle age and up
- Offered an alternative to behaviourism and psychoanalysis
48
What's the life story of Carl Rogers?
- Born in Chicago and raised in an affluent neighbourhood
- Was close to his mother, his father away a lot for work
- Both were Christian fundamentalists
- Later rebelled against their restrictive life
- Schoolmate of Hemingway
- Loner in school, read a lot
- At 12 his family moved to a farm outside of Chicago
- His father ran the farm scientifically and Rogers became interested in science
- Went to University of Wisconsin to study agriculture
- Went to a Christian conference in China, left his religious beliefs shortly afterwards
- Got married
- Got an Ed.D in clinical and educational psychology from Columbia
- Nine years working for the society for the prevention of Cruelty to children
- Begain his academic career in 1940
49
What were Carl Rogers thougths regarding self-actualization?
- Thought it was the greatest motivating force in psychology
- Urge for SA is innate, however, can be hindered by events in childhood
50
What was Carl Rogers positive regard?
- Unconditional love a mother has for her infant
- We have a need for positive regard
- However, conditions of worth also happen, where love is conditional on acting a certain way. They will prioritize other peoples values instead of their own
51
How did Carl Rogers describe fully functioning people?
- An openness to, and an appreciation of, all experience
- A tendency to live full in every moment
- Guided by their own instincts rather than pure reasons or others opinions
- Sense of freedom in thought and action
- A high degree of creativity
- Continual need to maximize potential
52
What was Roger's Person-Centered therapy?
- Thought there was a discrepancy between the self-concept and the ideal self
- Therapist uses unconditional positive regard
- Provide an attitude of understanding
- The self will become more positively valued
53
What would be the fate of humanism?
- Offered an alternative to behaviourism and psychoanalysis
- Separated from mainstream psychology
- Most humanistic psychologists were in clinical practice and not at universities
- Timing of the humanist movement was poor
- Strengthened the idea within psychoanalysis that people can shape their lives
54
Where is humanism seen in today's psychology?
- In positive psychology
55
What's the life story of Martin Seligman?
- Father suffered a stroke when he was 13, impacted him emotionally
- Felt isolated and alone in a private military academy
- Completed his PhD from Univeristy of Pennsylvania
- Taught at Cornell for a short time
56
What did Seligman discover on his work of money and happiness?
- People who earned more money were more satisfied with their life
- However, feeling respected, being in control, having friends/family linked to happiness
- Lack of money leads to unhappiness
57
What personality factors are linked to more happiness?
- High self-efficacy, internal locus of control, extraversion, conscientiousness
