Chapter 8 - Applied psychology Flashcards
(52 cards)
1
Q
T/F: Structuralism evolved into functionalism.
A
- TRUE
- Focus is no longer on what the mind is but what it does
2
Q
What Harry Hollingworth’s role in the lawsuit against the Coca-Cola company?
A
- Was hired by Coca-Cola to determine if it had actual harmful effects on human behaviour
- His success for Coke was a huge gain for applied psychology
3
Q
What happened between 1880-1900 concerning the growth of psychology in the US?
A
- Rapid growth of psychology research and practice in the US
- Increase in student interest
- America now leading on psychology
4
Q
What was the significance of the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair?
A
- Psychology put on display with research instruments and a demonstration testing laboratory (similar to Galton)
- Huge success
5
Q
What happened at the 1904 St. Louis World’s Fair?
A
- International Congress of Arts and Sciences
- 340 invited speakers across the sciences
- Hugo Munsterberg was a Vice President of the Congress
- Psychologist speakers included: Mary Whiton Calkins, John B. Watson, C. Lloyd Morgan, Edward B. Titchener, James McKeen Cattell, James Mark Baldwin, and many more
- Took psychology out of the lab and into the mainstream
6
Q
What were some of the economic influences that prompted psychology to become more applied?
A
- Job opportunities in academia are quickly being filled, new PhD graduates forced to look beyond university employment (definitely the case today)
- Hollingworth shows that psychology can be applied to advertising and has mass appeal
- Need for psychologists to enter other industries to escape poverty
- recognized that behaviour could be studied in real-world settings
7
Q
What did G. Stanley Hall propose regarding applied psychology?
A
- Proposes psychology needs to make its influence felt outside of the university (helped grow psychology’s influence)
- Applied fields: Education, big business/industry
- Psychological testing
- Criminal justice
- Mental health clinics
8
Q
Who best represented mental testing?
A
- James McKeen Cattell
- Promoted a practical, test-oriented approach to the study of mental processes
- Concerned with human abilities rather than the content of consciousness
- Closer to being a functionalist
9
Q
What’s the life story of James McKeen Cattell?
A
- Born in Easton, Pennsylvania
- Attended Lafayette College, where his father was the president
- Attended the University of Gottingen and then Leipzig to be Wundt’s lab assistant
- Was brash and opinionated, rejected Wundt’s introspection (after he left)
- Would spend some time after hours working on his own reaction time experiments
- 1882, returned to the US for a fellowship at Johns Hopkins
- Self-experimented with numerous drugs and recorded ow he felt in a journal
- Took courses with Hall
- Returned to Leipzig with Wundt, but studied his own ideas on reaction time (and individual differences)
- Taught Wundt how to use a typewriter
- Received his doctoral degree in 1886, then left Germany for London to meet Galton (described as “kindred spirits”)
- Galton inspired him to use statistics to examine data
- Cattell was already interested in individual differences but this was solidified
- Also became interested in eugenics
- At age 28, became a professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania (nepotism; very low pay0)
- After 3 years, left to become professor and department head at Columbia (stayed there 26 years, the department graduated more PhDs than any other American school
10
Q
Why was Cattell annoying to the Columbia administration?
A
- He created a lab and office at home so he could minimize coming to campus (his home was 40 miles from campus)
- He thought the faculty should be making decisions about the university, not the administration
- Helped to found the American Association of University Professors (AAUP)
- He was seen as egotistic, difficult, and sarcastic in dealing with administration
- Several times ‘forced retirement’ was considered
- Write letters to congress protesting sending draftees into combat in WW1
- Fired in 1917 for disloyalty to the US (FBI invaded his home)
- Sued the university and was awarded $40k
11
Q
What did Cattell’s mental tests entail?
A
- Used mental tests of motor skills and sensory capacities (unlike intelligence tests; skin sensitivity, colour naming, reaction time)
- Collected data over several years
- Found low correlations between test scores and academic performance (i.e., not a reliable or valid indicator of intelligence)
12
Q
What was Cattell’s influence on psychology?
A
- Known as a strong organizer and administrator of psychology as a science
- Formation of the AAUP
- Devised the order-of-merit ranking method to rank order based on average ratings
- Was a strong advocate for measuring individual differences and applied psychology
13
Q
What’s the life story of Alfred Binet?
A
- Born in Nice, France in 1857
- Son of a physician and an artist
- Parents divorced and he was raised by his mother (was a very shy and introverted child)
- Family was wealthy and he was able to pursue self-education (e.g., reading Darwin and Galton)
- Didn’t like law or medicine
- Was introduced to Jean Martin Charcot, and offered a position at the Salpetiere clinic of neurology and hypnosis
- In one study, he claimed to manipulate the sensations of a hypnotized patient with magnets. Later realized it was due to suggestion. His career took a hit because of this
- Left behind hypnosis for psychology
- Started by studying the intellectual growth of his own two daughters
- Initially used Galton and Cattell’s tests
- Then created tests similar to Piaget’s later tests
- Assessed cognitive functions like memory, attention, and comprehension
- Found differences between kids and adults
14
Q
Why did Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon collaborate together?
A
- Binet teamed up with the psychiatrist to work for the French ministry of public instruction
- Appointed to investigate intellectual tasks that children could master
- From this, they constructed their intelligence test with 30 problems arranged in ascending order of difficulty
- Three years later they expanded the test
15
Q
What did the 1905 Binet-Simon scale assess?
A
- His first test indicated that they did not believe that intelligence was a single ability
- Also suggested that inheritance was important but every person could grow intellectually
- Assessed mental age - the age at which children of average ability can perform certain tasks
- Binet coined the phrase and developed several tests to measure mental age
- His testing approach became more popular in the states than it did in France
16
Q
How did Binet differ in his understanding of intelligence compared to Galton and Cattell?
A
- Also thought there were environmental factors that influenced intelligence
17
Q
What was different with the 1908 Binet-Simon scale compared to the 1905 version?
A
- Revised their original scale, now included 58 tests
- Wanted to distinguish levels of intelligence in all children
- Previous scale separated only ‘normal’ from intellectually disabled
- Goal was to determine level of function (e.g., is a 6-year-old meeting expected milestones for that age group?)
18
Q
Who translated the Binet tests into English for use in America?
A
- Henry Goddard
- Coined the term “moron” which means slow in greek
19
Q
What was significant about the 1911 Binet-Simon Scale?
A
- The most refined scale they created
- Included normative data, and had five tests per age level
- The new test allowed for ‘partial’ years to be added into the intelligence equation
- Binet also emphasized not labelling children given the wide developmental trajectory (did not want to place hard limits as they may do better in future years)
20
Q
What were Binet’s contributions to psychology?
A
- Died in 1911 at age 54
- Never got to see the full fruits of his labor
- First true (valid) tests of intelligence
- Shown a light on intellectual potential and stimulation (not just inheritance)
- Emphasized that attention and stimulation are required in the classroom (i.e., environment has to be a certain way)
21
Q
What’s the life story of Lewis Terman?
A
- Born into a large family (14 kids) in Indiana
- Gave the members of his family a phrenology test when he was a child
- Attended a local college at age 15
- Taught at a rural school beginning at 17, eventually became a high school principal
- 1901, entered Indiana University
- Then studied under Hall at Clark University
- Had different interests than Hall, resulting in Edmund C. Sanford supervising his dissertation instead
- Developed tuberculosis in graduate school (quite sick for awhile)
- Chose sunny California for work.
- 1906 joined UCLA
- 1910 joined Stanford University
- 1922 chair of psychology department
- 1923 APA president
22
Q
Who invented the Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?
A
- Lewis Terman
- A number denoting a person’s intelligence
- Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100
- Originally developed by German psychologist William Stern, but popularized by Terman after his test was released
23
Q
What did Terman discover when he applied the Binet tests in America?
A
- Results were not consistent across age groups (eg., questions were too easy for younger children and too hard for older children
- Terman and a graduate student modified it
- Deleted terms and added others
- Average score now 100 regardless of age
- Used IQ as the outcome of scoring
24
Q
What were Terman’s conclusions regarding intelligence?
A
- Thought intelligence is largely inherited
- In line with Galton, but not Binet
- A link between intelligence and morality (eg. criminals are people with low IQs; know this to not be the case)
- Thought that society had to adjust for large differences in IQ
- Need to ensure that the large number of people with low IQ can make he most of their ability (not necessarily a bad thing)
- However, he would refer to them as a liability (i.e., those with intellectual disabilities)
25
What were Terman's Termites?
- Study of genius
- "Early ripe, early rot", developing too quickly would mean "less" in adulthood
Longitudinal study (3 decades)
- Over 1500 children with IQs 135 or higher
- Average IQ of 151
- Recorded info on family history, health, personality
- Began in 1921, first results in 1926, 1927-28, in 1939-1940 (aged 29), and finally 1950-52
- Wanted to investigate what correlates with IQ over time
26
What were the results of Terman's termites?
- 70% of men, 67% of women finished university (impressive)
- 56% men, 33% of women had a graduate or professional degree
- Many professions: doctors, lawyers, scientists, actors, business
- "Gifted children grow into gifted adults"
- Also found that there are other contributing factors like poverty. Found poor kids did not do as well
- Psychological stability and susceptibility to disease were also major contributors
27
How would psychologists aid the war effort?
- Psychological testing applied to the problem of assessing the level of intelligence of great numbers of recruits
- The Stanford-Binet was too complicated for mass testing
28
What was the role of Robert Yerkes in the military?
- Also the president of the APA during WW1
- Army commission as a major
- Team of 40 psychologists to design an applicable intelligent test
29
What were the two tests that were developed by Yerkes for intelligence testing during WW1?
- Army alpha - verbal test, ability to follow directions
- Army Beta - For non-english-speaking or illiterate people. Non-verbal test, ability to follow directions
30
How was intelligence testing viewed after WW1?
- Psychological testing gained public acceptance
- The public education system was reorganized around the concept of the intelligence quotient
- Many psychologists found employment developing and applying psychological tests
- Personality tests were beginning to get developed
- Also discovered the rate of illiteracy was very high in America
31
What's the life story of Henry Goddard?
- Born in New England to a religious family
- Attended Haverford College, then entered the doctoral program at Clark under Hall
- Upon graduating, took a teaching position at Pennsylvania's State Normal School
- Then the New Jersey Training School, which educated intellectually disabled children
- He translated the Binet-Simon test (also a proponent of inheritance of intelligence)
32
What's Ellis Island?
- The main port of entrance for immigrants in the US
- A lot of Irish immigrants
33
What occurred in Ellis Island from 1905 to 1913?
- Millions of immigrants from Europe
- 1912, Goddard was hired to administer the Binet-Simon scale to immigrants
- The "mentally defective" were deported (this was as high as 40 to 50%)
- Later examination of his work revealed horrible testing conditions, unreliable translators administering the test (people didn't understand what was going on)
34
What were some of the cultural bias issues with the IQ testing administered at Ellis Island?
- Early IQ testing showed African Americans and other minorities had lower IQs
- Some thought this meant that these groups were inherently less intelligent
- However, later evidence showed that IQ differences are environmental, not biological
- Differences also due to some biases in earlier tests
35
What important research did Horace Mann Bond do?
- African-American scholar and president of Lincoln University
- Argued that IQ score differences between Blacks and Whites due to the environment
- Found that Blacks in northern states had higher IQs than Whites in Southern states (northern states were more enriched)
36
Who was Florence L. Goodenough?
- Professor at University of Minnesota
- Also developed the institute of child development
- Developed the Draw-A-Man test (still used today)
- Called the Goodenough-Harris Drawing test
- Developed non-verbal intelligence testing children
37
Who is Maude Merrill James?
- Wrote with Lewis Terman the 1937 revision of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
- Became a director of psychological clinic for children in California
38
Who was Psyche Cattell?
- Daughter of McKeen Cattell
- Would not pay for her education because he didn't think she was smart enough
- Got a PhD from Harvard
- Developed the Cattell INfant Intelligence Scale (could be used on 3-month olds)
- First single woman in the US to adopt a child
39
Who was Anne Anastasi?
- Earned a PhD at 21
- Professor at Fordham University
- Published more than 150 articles
- A well-known authority on psychological testing
- Most prominent female psychologist in the English-speaking world
- Diagnosed with cervical cancer at 25
40
What's the life story of Lightner Witmer?
- Born to a prominent family in Philadelphia
- Attended UPenn in 1888
- Studied with Cattell for a time
- Completed his PhD at Leipzig with Wundt
- Took a faculty position at UPenn and stayed there for 45 years
- One of the original founding group of the APA in 1892
- 1896-97, he wrote two papers which mentioned "psychology clinic" for the first time
- In 1896, he opened the first ever psychology clinic at UPenn
- 1907, "Psychological Clinic" journal
- 1908, established a residential school for troubled kids
- Died in 1956 at age 89
41
What were Lightner Witmer's contributions to clinical psychology?
- Began the field of clinical psychology
- Started the world's first psychology clinic
- Interested in assessing and treating learning and behavioural problems in schoolchildren
- Offered the first college course on clinical psychology
- Started the first clinical psychology journal
42
What did Witmer's clinics for evaluating children entail?
- Physical evaluation: emotional and cognitive functioning could be affected by physical problems
- Social workers gave summary of family history: genetic factors largely responsible for behavioural and cognitive disturbances
- Later, Witmar realized that environmental factors were important. He thought it was important to improve the conditions of the home
43
WHat did the growth of clinical psychology look like?
- It grew slowly over time
- Several textbooks were written
- Freud's popularity raised interest in mental health
- WW2 (1940s) - recruiting for the war identified many psychological issues in recruits
- Treatment was needed for returning soldiers
- The Department of veteran affairs started employing a lot of psychologists
44
What's the life story of Walter Dill Scott?
- Born on a farm in Illinois and showed an interest in efficiency from an early age
- Brought books with him to study while plowing fields
- His father was ill so he had a large workload
- Sold berries and had odd jobs to pay for university
- Attended Illinois State Normal University and then Northwestern
- Scott and his wife Anna, left for Germany in 1898
- He worked with Wundt, and she completed a PhD in literature
- Joined Northwestern University
- Moved away from Wundt's psychology
- Applied psychology to personnel selection, management, and advertising
- Also becoming largely popular for academic who needed jobs
45
How did Scott apply psychology to advertising?
- Leaned into human suggestibility
- Argued that consumers often do not act rationally, they can be easily influenced
- Women were more easily persuaded
- Recommended that advertisers use direct commands
- Many advertisers
46
How did Scott apply psychology to employee selection?
- Rating scales and group tests to measure the characteristics of successful people
- Measured IQ, but also how they used their IQ
- Described how judgement, quickness, and accuracy were used
- He didn't formulate any theories but was able to demonstrate the importance of applied psychology
47
Who was Lillian Gilbreth?
- Promoted time-and-motion analysis as a technique to improve efficiency in job performance ("filmed people on the job")
- Discriminated against for being a woman in business and in publishing
- Ideas applied to organization of the home
- Ex. the shelves on the inside of the refrigerator door
- Inspired movie "Cheaper by the Dozen"
48
What's the life story of Hugo Munsterberg?
- Born in Poland to a prominent family
- Was an accomplished child with many interests
- Entered University of Leipzig and eventually became Wundt's graduate student
- PhD at age 22, then medical school
- Began teaching at University of Freiburg
- James hired him as Harvard psychology lab director in 1892 (had a hard time getting a job in Germany)
- He took the lab in a different direction
49
Why was Hugo Munsterberg a controversial figure?
- Administered psychological tests to a defendant at a criminal trial, was ridiculed afterward. The criminal killed 18 people
- Took money from the alcohol industry when opposing prohibition
- Controversial beliefs about women in academia (thought graduate work too demanding for women)
- Support of Germany during WW1
- Eventually ostracized by colleagues
- Died of a stroke at work in 1916
50
What were Munsterberg's contributions to forensic psychology?
- Forensic psychology and eyewitness testimony: psychology and the law
- Crime prevention
- Hypnosis to question suspects
- Mental tests to detect guilty persons
- The questionable trustworthiness of eyewitness testimony
51
What were Hugo Munsterberg's contributions to psychotherapy?
- 1908, wrote a book Psychotherapy
- Treated patients in his lab free of charge
- Used suggestion and his stature as an authority figure
- Believed mental illness was really a behavioural maladjustment problem ("there is no subconscious")
- His version of therapy was denounced by Witmer and Freud
52
What did applied psychology end up looking like in the US?
- End of world wars: applied psychology becomes a more respected profession
- Academic psychology benefited from success of applied psychology during war years
- People believed psychologists could fix and sell anything
- Increasing demand to fix real-world problems
- More popular than academic psychology
- Today, fewer than 30% of psychologists work in academia
- IO got a lot of criticism during the 193s because of the depression
