Chapter 14: Sexual Orientation Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
There is a ___ of sexual orientations
A
spectrum( fig 14.1)
2
Q
There is a ___ of sexual orientations
A
spectrum( fig 14.1)
3
Q
Statistics Canada reports that _% of males and _% of females surveyed identified themselves as homosexuals
A
- 1.3
- 0.7
4
Q
Though gay people vary widely, they do on average differ from whom?
A
- straight people of the same sex (pg 449-450)
5
Q
What are the three theories concerning with the causes of sexual orientation?
A
- Freudian (ignore it)
- Socialization: you can learn to be a certain way of sexual orientation ( false: someone raised by two gay parents does not equal sexual orientation will be the same as them)
- Biological: The prenatal hormonal theory
L> animal studies of the medial pre optic area of the hypothalamus (fig 14.5)
L> human studies of the INAH3 (fig.14.6)
L> PET scans of the hypothalamic response to androstadienone ( fig 14.7)
6
Q
The basis for defining homosexual people has remained constant or varied over time?
A
- varied
7
Q
The concept of homosexual identity developed gradually and emerged in the 19th century shaped by what? (3)
A
- growth of cities
- development of companionate marriage
- portrayal of homosexuality as a mental disorder
8
Q
In the 19th century homosexuals were thought of as what?
A
- gender inverts
9
Q
Later on in the 19th century gay people were later subdivided on the basis of what?
A
- gender characteristics
L> butch and femme, top and bottom
10
Q
Today classifications are much less/more prominent?
A
- much less
L> ALTHOUGH types can still be found
11
Q
The struggle for gay rights began in ___ in the late 1800’s.
L> Magnus Hirschfeld?
A
- Germany
L> Magnus Hirschfeld a gay physician argued that homosexuality was biologically innate condition
12
Q
After WWII the gay rights movement began anew where?
A
in the US
13
Q
In 1973 what was deleted fem the DSM-IV?
A
- homosexuality
L> by a close vote!
14
Q
In terms of gay rights what did the AIDS epidemic lead to?
A
- a change in the image and status of gay people because it motivated so many of them to activism
15
Q
Public attitudes towards gay rights have changed over time. A Canadian survey in 2004 found that _% said that homosexuals should have the same rights as heterosexuals.
A
74%
16
Q
Homosexuals are somewhat gender______ as children.
A
nonconformist
17
Q
Growing up gay presents challenges, problems usually begin in what age range/category ?
A
- preadolescence ( ages 8-13)
18
Q
Gender nonconformity often appears when in homosexuals?
A
- early on but to widely varying degrees
19
Q
During the preadolescence stage (8-13) what is rigorously enforced to homosexuals that presents challenges growing up?
A
- gender norms are rigorously enforced by same-sex social networks
20
Q
During the preadolescence stage for homosexuals what types of abuse are common and what relation to teachers?
A
- verbal and physical
- rarely evokes rebuke from teachers
21
Q
During the preadolescence stage for homosexuals what is it that parents may do that makes it unduly hard for them growing up?
A
- they can reject their child
22
Q
Recent Research has found that:
- Gays who experience harassment have shown slightly higher rates of what?
- Gay youth are more/less/equally likely to commit suicide as their heterosexual counterparts are.
A
- mental health problems although it has diminished in recent years
- equally
23
Q
What are the four stages of coming out of the closet?
A
- Coming out to one’s self
- coming out to others
- joining a gay or lesbian community
- integrating the gay side of their identity with other aspects of who they are
24
Q
Gay people who belong to minorities have what special concerns? (2)
A
- have few role models
- face cultural traditions that make heterosexual marriage an obligation and may place taboos on the discussion of sexual topics in general
25
What are three sexual subcultures within the gay community? (exception to these?)
1. bathhouses
2. leather and sadomasochistic (S/M) subcultures (overlapping)
3. Bears
- Lesbians are less inclined towards such subcultures
26
Some homosexuals are parents:
| 1. In the 2000 US census, _% of female couples and _% of male couples had at least one minor child in their household.
33% abd 22%
27
The homosexual couples that are parents, their children come from where?
- previous heterosexual relationships, adoption, etc
28
The children of gay parents are/are not disadvantaged?
are not
29
Will children of gay parents become homosexual?
- no
30
Will the children of gay parents show unusual incidence of psychological problems or special problems?
- they show none
31
Are boys that are raised by same sex parents less sexually active?
no
32
What are four things daughters of lesbian couples are more likely be/do?
1. dress and behave in a gender-nonconformist fashion
2. aspire to careers that are not stereotypically female
3. be somewhat more sexually active
4. be more open to same sex relationships
33
What are three things sons of lesbian couples are more prone to?
1. less stereotypically masculine in their behaviours
2. less sexually active in their teen years
3. more open to the idea of a same sex relationship
34
What transmits homophobia across the generations?
- cultural indoctrination
35
A failure of what may underlie homophobia?
- empathy
36
Homophobic attitudes are directed toward gay men/lesbians more so than gay men/lesbians.
- gay men
| - lesbians
37
Homophobia towards gay men or lesbians is far less intense.
- lesbians
38
Homosexuality is seen as a what?
transgression
| L> gay people break the rules of society/nature/religion
39
Those that hold the view of homosexuality being seen as a transgression very strongly are people that live by what?
very strict rules
40
Who tend to be the greatest homophobes?
- those that harbour homosexual feelings themselves
41
What did the study by Adams et al (1996) find in regards to homophobia?
- homophobic males exhibited a stronger arousal response to homosexual videos (fig 14.17)
42
Bisexuality?
see text
43
Though gay people vary widely, they do on average differ from whom?
- straight people of the same sex (pg 449-450)
44
What are the three theories concerning with the causes of sexual orientation?
1. Freudian (ignore it)
2. Socialization: you can learn to be a certain way of sexual orientation ( false: someone raised by two gay parents does not equal sexual orientation will be the same as them)
3. Biological: The prenatal hormonal theory
L> animal studies of the medial pre optic area of the hypothalamus (fig 14.5)
L> human studies of the INAH3 (fig.14.6)
L> PET scans of the hypothalamic response to androstadienone ( fig 14.7)
45
The basis for defining homosexual people has remained constant or varied over time?
- varied
46
The concept of homosexual identity developed gradually and emerged in the 19th century shaped by what? (3)
1. growth of cities
2. development of companionate marriage
3. portrayal of homosexuality as a mental disorder
47
In the 19th century homosexuals were thought of as what?
- gender inverts
48
Later on in the 19th century gay people were later subdivided on the basis of what?
- gender characteristics
| L> butch and femme, top and bottom
49
Today classifications are much less/more prominent?
- much less
| L> ALTHOUGH types can still be found
50
The struggle for gay rights began in ___ in the late 1800's.
L> Magnus Hirschfeld?
- Germany
| L> Magnus Hirschfeld a gay physician argued that homosexuality was biologically innate condition
51
After WWII the gay rights movement began anew where?
in the US
52
In 1973 what was deleted fem the DSM-IV?
- homosexuality
| L> by a close vote!
53
In terms of gay rights what did the AIDS epidemic lead to?
- a change in the image and status of gay people because it motivated so many of them to activism
54
Public attitudes towards gay rights have changed over time. A Canadian survey in 2004 found that _% said that homosexuals should have the same rights as heterosexuals.
74%
55
Homosexuals are somewhat gender______ as children.
nonconformist
56
Growing up gay presents challenges, problems usually begin in what age range/category ?
- preadolescence ( ages 8-13)
57
Gender nonconformity often appears when in homosexuals?
- early on but to widely varying degrees
58
During the preadolescence stage (8-13) what is rigorously enforced to homosexuals that presents challenges growing up?
- gender norms are rigorously enforced by same-sex social networks
59
During the preadolescence stage for homosexuals what types of abuse are common and what relation to teachers?
- verbal and physical
| - rarely evokes rebuke from teachers
60
During the preadolescence stage for homosexuals what is it that parents may do that makes it unduly hard for them growing up?
- they can reject their child
61
Recent Research has found that:
1. Gays who experience harassment have shown slightly higher rates of what?
2. Gay youth are more/less/equally likely to commit suicide as their heterosexual counterparts are.
- mental health problems although it has diminished in recent years
- equally
62
What are the four stages of coming out of the closet?
1. Coming out to one's self
2. coming out to others
3. joining a gay or lesbian community
4. integrating the gay side of their identity with other aspects of who they are
63
Gay people who belong to minorities have what special concerns? (2)
1. have few role models
2. face cultural traditions that make heterosexual marriage an obligation and may place taboos on the discussion of sexual topics in general
64
What are three sexual subcultures within the gay community? (exception to these?)
1. bathhouses
2. leather and sadomasochistic (S/M) subcultures (overlapping)
3. Bears
- Lesbians are less inclined towards such subcultures
65
Some homosexuals are parents:
| 1. In the 2000 US census, _% of female couples and _% of male couples had at least one minor child in their household.
33% abd 22%
66
The homosexual couples that are parents, their children come from where?
- previous heterosexual relationships, adoption, etc
67
The children of gay parents are/are not disadvantaged?
are not
68
Will children of gay parents become homosexual?
- no
69
Will the children of gay parents show unusual incidence of psychological problems or special problems?
- they show none
70
Are boys that are raised by same sex parents less sexually active?
no
71
What are four things daughters of lesbian couples are more likely be/do?
1. dress and behave in a gender-nonconformist fashion
2. aspire to careers that are not stereotypically female
3. be somewhat more sexually active
4. be more open to same sex relationships
72
What are three things sons of lesbian couples are more prone to?
1. less stereotypically masculine in their behaviours
2. less sexually active in their teen years
3. more open to the idea of a same sex relationship
73
What transmits homophobia across the generations?
- cultural indoctrination
74
A failure of what may underlie homophobia?
- empathy
75
Homophobic attitudes are directed toward gay men/lesbians more so than gay men/lesbians.
- gay men
| - lesbians
76
Homophobia towards gay men or lesbians is far less intense.
- lesbians
77
Homosexuality is seen as a what?
transgression
| L> gay people break the rules of society/nature/religion
78
Those that hold the view of homosexuality being seen as a transgression very strongly are people that live by what?
very strict rules
79
Who tend to be the greatest homophobes?
- those that harbour homosexual feelings themselves
80
What did the study by Adams et al (1996) find in regards to homophobia?
- homophobic males exhibited a stronger arousal response to homosexual videos (fig 14.17)
81
Bisexuality?
see text
